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Microbiology Exam 1 > Dr. Bailey Study Guide 1 > Flashcards

Dr. Bailey Study Guide 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

6 Steps in the infectious disease process

A

1) Encounter
2) Entry
3) Spread
4) Multiplication
5) Damage
6) Outcome

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2
Q

Encounter with microbe

A

The different natural reservoirs of infectious microbes

Does not necessarily mean infection

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3
Q

Entry

A

Pathogens going into the body

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4
Q

Spread

A

Pathogens must adhere to the host, multiply, and spread

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5
Q

Different mechanisms for microbe spreading

A

Lateral propogation

Dissemination

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6
Q

Lateral propogation

A

Microbes multiply then spread to distant sites

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7
Q

Dissemination

A

Microbes spread then multiply

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8
Q

Damage

A

How a host responds

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9
Q

Processes for entering into a host

A

1) Ingress of microorganisms into body that are contiguous with the outside capsule
2) Penetration of a microorganism into deeper tissues after crossing an epithelial barrier (insect bites, cuts, transplants, etc)

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10
Q

Body parts that are “external”

A 
Nose
Mouth
Respiratory tract
Alimentary canal
Anus
Female genital tract
Urinary Tract
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11
Q

Steps for bacteria to enter epithelia

A

Attachment

Internalization

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12
Q

Strict aerobes

A

Must have oxygen to grow

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13
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Cannot tolerate oxygen

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14
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can grow with or without oxygen

Most medically important bacteria

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15
Q

Oligotrophs

A

Can grow with limited nutrients

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16
Q

What must microbes overcome in order to spread

A

Host defenses

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17
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Require some oxygen, but lower levels of oxygen

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18
Q

Mesophils

A

Grow in mild temperatures (15-45 degrees C)

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19
Q

Inoculum size

A

The number of organisms it takes to cause disease

Important in establishing an infection

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20
Q

4 Possible outcomes of a host-parasite interaction

A

1) Host wins and clears infection
2) Parasite overcomes the host
3) The hist and parasite adapt to eachother
4) Neither host or parasite win

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21
Q

How long can a chronic infection last

A

Indefinately

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22
Q

Damage to the host can be caused by…

A

The infectious agent or immune response or both

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23
Q

The great majority of microorganisms are..

A

Commensal

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24
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Have a thick cell wall made up of muerin

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25
Q

Muerin

A

A peptidoglycan made up of long chains of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine linked together by short polypeptides

26
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Have a thin layer of muerin between two membranes

27
Q

Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

A

Made up of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is species-specific

28
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

On outer membrane of Gram- cell walls. Toxic in even in purified form. Made up of a lipid region that faces towards the cell, and a polysaccharide that faces out.

29
Q

Bactericidal agents

A

Kill bacteria

30
Q

Bacteriostatic agents

A

Inhibit bacteria growth

31
Q

How do Penicillins and other beta-lactams work?

A

Bactericidal agents that affect the cell wall

32
Q

How do antibiotics often work

A

By targeting bacterial ribosomes. Can target either the 30S or 50S subunits

33
Q

2 subunits to bacterial ribosomes

A

30S

50S

34
Q

30S ribosomal subunit

A

Primarily responsible for the translation of mRNA

35
Q

Teichoic acid

A

Surface structure found on both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria not embedded in cell membrane (Lipoteichoic acid when it is)
Thicker in Gram+

36
Q

Importance of bacteria cell surface structures

A

Cells of the immune system recognize them

37
Q

Toll-like receptor 4 recognizes

A

LPS

38
Q

Toll-like receptor 2 recodnizes

A

Peptidoglycan

39
Q

Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 together reecognizes

A

Teichoic acids

40
Q

50S ribosomal subunit

A

Resonsibel for joining amino acids together and moving the complex along the mRNA molecule

41
Q

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim inhibit…

A

Folic acid metabolism

42
Q

Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and erythromycin inhibit

A

Protein syntesis

43
Q

Metronidazole inhibits

A

DNA synthesis

44
Q

Pili or fimbriae

A

Specialized structures on the surface of bacteria that are involved in adhesion to cells or other surfaces

45
Q

Sex pili

A

Specialized pili that link a donor cell to a recipient during transfer of DNA

46
Q

Flagella

A

Surface structures used for locomotion.

47
Q

Flagella counterclockwise movement

A

Locomotion of a cell

48
Q

Flagella clockwise movement

A

Tumbling

49
Q

Flagellar movement is used by bacteria for..

A

Chemotaxis - the movement towards a substance that attract and away from substances that repel

50
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

Can only grow inside host cells

51
Q

Theraputic index

A

The ratio between the effective dose and toxic use of the antibiotic

52
Q

Antibiotics tend to target structures that…

A

are unique in bacteria compared to structures found in host cells

53
Q

Sulfa drugs

A

Interact with an enzyme to prevent the production of a metabolite

54
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A
  • Synthesizing enzymes that inactivate a drug
  • Inhibiting uptake of a drug
  • Increasing secretion of the drug (pumping it out of the cell)
  • Modifying the target of the drug
55
Q

Drug resistant genes

A

Often found on plasmids that can readily be transferred from one bacteria to another

56
Q

In order to survive as an infectious agent, bacteria must…

A

1) Avoid being washed away
2) Find a nutritionally compatible niche
3) Survive host defenses
4) Transfer to a new host

57
Q

Damage to a host as a result of an infection can be caused by….

A
  • cell death
  • pharmacological alteration of metabolism
  • mechanical causes
  • host responses
  • bacterial toxins
58
Q

Many structures on the microbial surface consists of…

A

Repeated molecules - referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns

59
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns

60
Q

Bacteria are often classified by…

A

Their surface antigens (aka serotype)
O refers to LPS
H refers to flagella
K refers to a capsule

Microbiology Exam 1 (17 decks)

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