DPT 632: Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Which of the following correctly label the structure indicated by the question mark in figure 1?
a. Epithalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Hypthalamus
d. Thalamus
D
The name and function of the structure labeled as the question mark in Figure 2?
a. Postcentral gyrus; primary motor cortex
b. precentral gyrus; primary motor cortex
c. postcentral gyrus; primary sensory cortex
C
The function of the brainstem-cerebellar region is to:
a. convey information between the cerebrum and spinal cord and control vital functions such as heart rate and respiration
b. be involved in motor control, sensory processing memory, reasoning, and verbal and/or nonverbal communication
c. convey information from sensory receptors into the CNS and from the CNS to skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
d. convey somatosensory information to the brain and convey signals from the brain to neurons that directly control movement
A
Depolarization occurs when:
a. the membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting membrane potential
b. the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential
c. the presynaptic terminal of a neuron is inhibited by another neuron
d. all membrane channels are closed preventing the influx of Na+
A
Which of the following is a feature of the nodes of Ranvier?
a. are distributed approximately every 1-2 mm along the membrane of the cell axon
b. contain a high density of modality gated K+ channels for rapid depolarization of the membrane
c. contain a high density of voltage gated Na+ channels for rapid repolarization of the membrane
d. have low membrane capacitance, preventing the accumulation of electrical charge
A
Damage to myelin sheath (demyelination) of an axon:
a. results in decreased membrane resistance, allowing a leakage of electrical current
b. results in slowed propagation of action potentials
c. may prevent propagation of action potentials
d. all of the above
D
Afferent neurons convey information:
a. between interneurons
b. from the CNS to skeletal muscles
c. from peripheral receptors to the CNS
d. between the soma and presynaptic terminal
C
What type of stimulus is required to open a ligand-gated channel?
a. mechanical force, temperature change, or chemical stimulus
b. no stimulus required
c. neurotransmitters
C
What are the differences between conductive deafness and sensonneural deafness?
a. No differences exist
b. acoustic trauma, ototoxicdrugs, or disease cause conduction deafness, excessive wax in the outer ear orotitis media cause sensonneural deafness
c. Conduction deafness involves the outer or middle ear, sensonneural deafness involves the receptors and/or cochlear nerve
d. conduction deafness involves the cochlear nerve, senonneural deafness involves the outer or middle ear
C
Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in regulating the function of autonomic nervous system?
a. Cranial nerve III
b. Cranial nerve V
c. Cranial nerve VII
d. Cranial nerve IX
B
What is the function of the Optic CN?
Conducts sensory signal from receptors of the eye
What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal CN?
Sensory innervation of the pharynx, soft palate, and posterior tongue
What is the function of the Trochlear CN?
Motor innervation of the superior oblique
What is the function of the Trigeminal CN?
Sensory innervation of face and temperomandibular joint (TMJ), motor innervation to muscles for chewing
Cranial nerve nuclei in the pons are involved in which of the following?
a. Processing somatosensory information from the face
b. controlling lateral movement of the eyes
c. controlling the muscles of facial expressin and mastication
d. A and B
e. A, B and C
E
The anterior (basilar) section of the brainstem contains which of the following?
a. descending axons from the cerebral cortex
b. superior and inferior colliculi
c. reticular formation
d. predominantly sensory pathways
e. all of the above
A
Deviation of protruded tongue to the side of the lesion indicates damage to which of the following cranial nerves?
a. CN IX
b. CN X
c. CN XI
d. CN XII
D
Which of the following is/are controlled by the oculomotor nerve?
a. Superior rectus muscle that moves the eye
b. constriction of the pupil of the ye
c. adjusting the shape of the lens of the eye
d. all of the above
D
What is Bell’s Palsy?
a. Increased sweating and vasodilation on one side of the face
b. contralateral paralysis of the msucles innervated by CN VII
c. ipsilateral paralysis of the muscles innervated by CN VII
d. loss of the consensual reflex
e. severe pain in the facial region near the jaw
C
Identify the location(s) of the lesion that may cause diplopia (double vision)
a. Oculomotor nerve
b. Trochlear Nerve
c. Abducens
d. All of the above
D
Hyperpolarization of receptor cells of the right posterior semicircular canal would be associated with depolarization (excitation) of the ______________.
a. Right anterior semicircular canal
b. Left posterior semicircular canal
c. Left horizontal semicircular canal
d. Left anterior semicircular canal
D
Vestibular connections influence which of the following?
a. Posture of the hand and body
b. Head and eye movements
c. Consciousness
d. Autonomic functions
e. All of the above
E
The path of the optic nerve passes from the __________ to the ___________
a. Retina; optic chiasm
b. Optic chiasm; lateral geniculate
c. Cortex; retina
d. Retina; lateral geniculate
A
Dysfunction of what area of the brain is noted by the four Ds (dysphagia, dysarthria, diplopia, dysmetria)?
a. Dysfunction of the medulla
b. Dysfunction of the thalamus
c. Dysfunction of the brainstem
d. All of the above
C
What is the most common symptoms of vestibular dysfunction?
a. Nausea and vomiting
b. Vertigo
c. Limb ataxia
d. Upward beat nystagmus
e. Disequilibrium
B
What symptom might be caused by ischemia in the brainstem region?
a. Dizziness
b. Visual Disorders
c. Weakness
d. All of the above
D
The Hallpike maneuver was designed to:
a. Elicit the vestibule-ocular reflex
b. Treat dizziness associated with central vestibular lesions
c. Provoke maximal movement of otoconia in the posterior semicircular canals
d. Rupture of the cupula
C
What is the name off the disorder characterized by loss of visual stabilization
Oscillopsia
What is the name off the disorder characterized by acute onset of vertigo and nystagmus in response to rapid change of head position
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
What is the name off the disorder characterized by illusion of motion
Vertigo
What is the name off the disorder characterized by syndrome consisting of both auditory and vestibular disorders associated with abnormal fluid pressures of the inner ear
Meniere’s disease
Which one of the following neuron structures is specialized for receiving synaptic input from other neurons?
a. Cell body
b. Dendrite
c. Axon
d. Axon hillock
e. Presynaptic terminal
B
Which of the following is the structural part of a neuron that releases a neurotransmitter?
a. Dendrite
b. Axon hillock
c. Soma
d. Presynaptic terminal
e. Postsynaptic terminal
D
Pseudounipolar cells:
a. Have two dendrites.
b. Have two somas.
c. Are not neurons.
d. Are glial cells.
e. Have two axon extensions
E
Retrograde transport:
a. Recycles substances from the axon back to the soma.
b. Moves neurotransmitters from the dendrites to the cell body.
c. Moves substances from the soma toward the axon terminal.
d. Moves neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft.
e. Moves information from astrocyte to astrocyte
A
Afferent neurons convey information:
a. Between interneurons
b. From the CNS to skeletal muscles
c. From peripheral receptors to the CNS
d. Between the soma and presynaptic terminal
e. From the CNS to smooth muscles
C
The resting membrane potential is:
a. The same as the membrane equilibrium potential
b. The voltage difference across a neuron’s cell membrane, maintained by an unequal distribution of one specific ion
c. Maintained by active transport of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) and passive diffusion of Na+, K+, and chloride ion (Cl–) through leak channels in the cell membrane
d. Typically measured at +70 millivolts (mV) because the intracellular environment is more
positively charged than the extracellular environment
e. Created by a more negative charge inside the membrane than outside because Na+ is continuously moved inside the cell membrane by an active transport pump
C
Depolarization occurs when:
a. The membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting membrane potential.
b. The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential.
c. Cl– influx hyperpolarizes the membrane.
d. The presynaptic terminal of a neuron is inhibited by another neuron.
e. All membrane channels are closed, preventing the influx of Na+.
A
Local potentials:
a. Are either receptor or synaptic potentials.
b. Spread passively only a short distance along the cell membrane.
c. Result from stimulation of sensory receptors or from the binding of a neurotransmitter with chemical receptor sites on a postsynaptic membrane.
d. Both A and B
e. A, B, and C
E
Which of the following change the electrical potential across the cell membrane?
a. Activation and opening of ligand-gated K+ channels
b. Activation and opening of modality-gated Na+ channels
c. Activation and opening of voltage-gated Cl– channels
d. Leak channels, which allow continuous diffusion of small ions
e. All of the above
E
Propagation of an action potential along an axon is dependent on a(n):
a. Complete myelination of the axon by glial cells
b. Anterograde diffusion of the electric potential with active generation of new potentials
c. Rapid repolarization associated with passive diffusion of Cl–
d. Retrograde diffusion of the electrical potential
e. Na+/K+ pump moving sufficient quantities of Na+ into of the cell and K+ out of the cell
B
Which one of the following is a feature of the nodes of Ranvier?
a. Are distributed approximately every 1 to 2 millimeters (mm) along the membrane of the cell axon.
b. Contain a high density of modality-gated K+ channels for rapid depolarization of the membrane.
c. Contain a high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels for rapid repolarization of the membrane.
d. Have low membrane capacitance, preventing the accumulation of electrical charge.
e. Are heavily myelinated, which allows for rapid diffusion of an electrical potential
A
Demyelination of an axon:
a. Results in decreased membrane resistance, allowing a leakage of electrical current.
b. Results in slowed propagation of action potentials.
c. May prevent propagation of action potentials.
d. Both A and B
e. A, B, and C
E
Peripheral demyelination:
a. Typically affects small diameter axons before large diameter axons.
b. Is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis.
c. Affects the structure of oligodendrocytes.
d. Typically affects the Schwann cells of large, well-myelinated axons.
e. Typically affects the axon at the ventral root of the spinal cord.
D
Guillain-Barré syndrome:
a. Involves demyelination of peripheral axons.
b. Results from an autoimmune attack on Schwann cells.
c. May affect cranial nerves controlling the muscles involved in swallowing, breathing, and facial expression.
d. Both A and B
e. A, B, and C
E
Multiple sclerosis:
a. Results from an autoimmune attack on oligodendrocytes.
b. Involves demyelination of axons in the CNS.
c. Has signs and symptoms associated with both motor and sensory impairment.
d. Both A and B
e. A, B, and C
E
Which one of the following is not one of the primary components of a neuron?
a. Axon
b. Soma
c. Postsynaptic membrane
d. Dendrite
C
The strength of local electrical potentials is modulated and integrated via:
a. Spatial summation, the combined effect of potentials generated in other parts of the neuron
b. Temporal summation, the combined effect of small potential changes occurring over several milliseconds
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above. A local potential is an all-or-none phenomenon
C
Which one of the following is an example of divergence?
a. Contraction of the hip flexor muscles when a painful stimulus is applied to the toe
b. Integration of taste and smell information in the temporal lobe
c. Multiple different cells synapsing with a single neuron in the spinal cord
d. All of the above
A