DPT 630: Medical Physiology Flashcards
The ______ processes almost all sensory information going to the cerebral cortex and almost all motor information coming from the cerebral cortex to the brain and spinal cord.
a. Spinal cord
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Pituitary
B
The process of conversion of a stimulus (e.g. sound waves, pressure) into electrochemical energy is called sensory _____.
a. Repolarization
b. Depolarization
c. Transduction
d. Hyperpolarization
C
In the sensory pathway, the _____ order neuron crosses to the collateral side.
a. Third
b. Second
c. Fourth
d. First
B
True or False
Relay nuclei process the information they receive via local interneurons, which may be excitatory or inhibitory
True
Olfactory receptor is a ______.
a. Mechanoreceptor
b. Nociceptor
c. Photoreceptor
d. Thermoreceptor
e. Chemoreceptor
E
Receptor potentials are ______ electronic potentials, whose amplitude correlates with the size of the stimulus.
a. All or none
b. Nongraded
c. Graded
C
True or False
Smaller the receptor field, the more precisely the sensation be localized or identified
True
Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors are designed to encode _____ and ______ of stimulus.
a. Onset; offset
b. Duration; intensity
B
If the skin temperature rises to damaging levels (above 45⁰C) then _____ get activated.
a. Polymodal nociceptors
b. Mechanoreceptors
A
Visual acuity is highest at the central point of the retina called the ______.
a. Sclera
b. Cornea
c. Macula
d. Choroid
C
True or False
Rods are sensitive to low-intensity light
True
Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness because vitamin A is required for regeneration of _____.
a. Metarhodopsin II
b. Cyclic GMP
c. 11-cis rhodopsin
C
The right optic tract is formed by fibers from the _____ nasal hemiretina and _____ temporal hemiretina.
a. Left; right
b. Right; right
c. Left; left
d. Right; left
A
Three ossicles of the middle ear include all of the following except:
a. Malleus
b. Stapes
c. Incus
d. Macula
D
Vestibular organs which help maintain equilibrium and balance included all the below except:
a. Utricle
b. Saccule
c. Semicircular canal
d. Organ of Corti
D
The _______ predict that disequilibrium is going to occur.
a. Utricle
b. Semicircular canals
c. Saccule
B
True or False
The motoneuron pool is the set of motoneurons innervating fibers within the same muscle
True
Gamma motoneurons innervate _____ muscle fibers
a. Extrafusal
b. Intrafusal
B
The knee jerk reflex is a _____ spinal cord reflex
a. Disynaptic
b. Polysynaptic
c. Monosynaptic
C
A _____ hemianopsia is the loss of half of the visual field on the same side in both eyes.
a. Homonymous
b. Heteronymous
A
Impedance matching is accomplished which of the following? (choose 2)
a. Inertia of the endolymph
b. Stiffness of the basilar membrane
c. Ratio of the large surface area of the tympanic membrane of the small surface area of the oval window
d. Mechanical advantage offered by the lever system of the ossicles
C and D
Bending the sterocilia in the direction of the kinocilium causes membrane _____.
a. Depolarization
b. Hyperpolarization
A
Plateau seen during the action potential of the ventricular muscle is due to the balancing act of the inward (ECF to ICF) _____ current to the outward (ICF to ECF) ______ current.
a. Potassium; Sodium
b. Calcium; Sodium
c. Sodium; Calcium
d. Calcium; Potassium
D
In case of SA node action potential, the upstroke (phase 0) caused by the inward _____ current.
a. Sodium
b. Chloride
c. Calcium
d. Potassium
C
In case of SA node action potential, the spontaneous depolarization (phase 4) caused by the inward _____ current.
a. Chloride
b. Calcium
c. Sodium
d. Potassium
C
Latent pacemakers include all of the below except:
a. SA Node
b. Bundle of His
c. Purkinje Fibers
d. AV Node
A
Match the following
Inotropic effect --> \_\_\_\_\_\_ Chronotropic effect --> \_\_\_\_\_\_ QRS Complex --> \_\_\_\_\_\_ Preload for the ventricles --> \_\_\_\_\_\_ P wave --> \_\_\_\_\_\_ Afterload for the ventricles --> \_\_\_\_\_\_ T wave --> \_\_\_\_\_\_ • End-diastolic volume • Effect on contractility • Effect on HR • Aortic pressure • Represents ventricular depolarization • Represents atrial depolarization • Represents ventricular repolarization
- Inotropic effect: Effect on contractility
- Chronotropic effect: Effect on HR
- QRS Complex: Represents ventricular depolarization
- Preload for the ventricles: End-diastolic volume
- P wave: Represents atrial depolarization
- Afterload for the ventricles: aortic pressure
- T wave: Represents ventricular repolarization
Cardiac glycoside increases contractility in the heart muscle by blocking Na+ - K+ ATPase and increasing the ______ concentration inside the cell.
a. Chloride
b. Potassium
c. Magnesium
d. Calcium
D
In the normal physiologic range, as the length of the muscle fiber increases the tension/pressure developed in the cardiac muscle fiber ____
a. Decreases
b. Stays the same
c. Increases
C
Stroke volume = ________ - ________.
a. Heart rate - cardiac output
b. End-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume
c. End-systolic volume - end-diastolic volume
B
Cardiac output = ________ x heart rate
a. Stroke volume
b. End-diastolic volume
c. End-systolic volume
A
First heart sound is caused by closure of _____ valves.
a. AV valves
b. Aortic/pulmonic valves
A
The longest phase of the cardiac cycle is _______.
a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
b. Reduced ventricular filling
c. Rapid ventricular ejection
d. Atrial systole
B
Baroreceptors are ______ which are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch.
a. Thermoreceptors
b. Chemoreceptors
c. Mechanoreceptors
C
When the renin-angiontensin II-aldosterone system is stimulated by low mean arterial pressure it causes all of the following except:
a. Decreased sodium reabsorption
b. Vasoconstriction
c. Increased aldosterone secretion
d. Increased thirst
A
Arterial pressure is regulated by two major systems, the __________ and ___________.
a. Baroreceptor reflex
b. Breathing reflex
c. Brainbridge reflex
d. Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system
A and D
_______ control the blood flow to the capillaries.
a. Arteries
b. Venules
c. Arterioles
C
When net filtration is out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid, it is called _______.
a. Absorption
b. Filtration
B
The lymphatic system is responsible for returning _______ fluid to the vascular compartment.
a. Interstitium
b. Capillary
c. Venous
A
Causes of edema include all of the following except:
a. Severe liver failure
b. Arteriolar dilation
c. Decreased plasma protein concentration
d. Venous dilation
D