Dor Lombar Baixa Flashcards
Como é o suprimento sanguineo e a nutrição do disco intervertebral?
At birth, the disc has some direct blood supply contained within the cartilaginous endplates and the anulus. These vessels recede in the first years of life, and by adulthood there is no appreciable blood supply to the disc. The cells within the disc are sustained by difusion of nutrients into the disc through the porous central concavity of the vertebral endplate.
Qual é caracteristica encontrada nos discos herniados?
Herniated discs have a greater number of senescent cells than nonherniated discs and have higher concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases.
Quais são as características das células do ânulo fibroso e do núcleo pulposo dos discos intervertebrais?
The anulus cells are more elongated and appear more like fibroblasts, whereas nucleus cells are oval and resemble chondrocytes. The anulus cells produce predominantly type I collagen, whereas nucleus cells synthesize type II collagen.
Qual é o tempo de turnover dos glicosaminoglicanos nos discos intervertebrais?
The glycosaminoglycan turnover in the disc is quite slow, requiring 500 days.
Como estão organizadas as raízes nervosas na medula espinhal? Como se organizam as raízes motoras e sensitivas?
The orientation of the nerve roots in the dural sac and at the conus medullaris follows a highly organized pattern, with the most cephalad roots lying lateral and the most caudad lying centrally. The motor roots are ventral to the sensory roots at all levels.
Como é a padronização da nomenclatura das raízes emergentes na coluna vertebral?
Accepted nomenclature allows each cervical root to exit cephalad to the pedicle of the vertebra for which it is named (e.g., the C6 nerve root exits above or cephalad to the C6 pedicle). This relationship changes in the thoracic spine because the C8 root exits between the C7 and T1 pedicles, requiring the T1 root to exit caudal or below the pedicle for which it is named. This relationship is maintained throughout the remaining more caudal segments.
Como é organizada a inervação das estruturas vertebrais dos ramos distais ao gânglio da raíz dorsal?
Distal to the ganglion, three distinct branches arise; the most prominent and important is the ventral ramus, which supplies all structures ventral to the neural canal. The second branch, the sinuvertebral nerve, is a small filamentous nerve that originates from the ventral ramus and progresses medially over the posterior aspect of the disc and vertebral bodies, innervating these structures and the posterior longitudinal ligament. The third branch is the dorsal ramus. This branch courses dorsally, piercing the intertransverse ligament near the pars interarticularis. Three branches from the dorsal ramus innervate the structures dorsal to the neural canal. The lateral and intermediate branches provide innervation to the posterior musculature and skin. The medial branch separates into three branches to innervate the facet joint at that level and the adjacent levels above and below.
Como é dividido o processo degenerativo da coluna vertebral?
The degenerative process has been divided into three separate stages with relatively distinct findings. The first stage is dysfunction, which is seen in individuals 15 to 45 years old. It is characterized by circumferential and radial tears in the disc anulus and localized synovitis of the facet joints. The next stage is instability. This stage, found in 35 to 70 year-old patients, is characterized by internal disruption of the disc, progressive disc resorption, degeneration of the facet joints with capsular laxity, subluxation, and joint erosion. The final stage, present in patients older than 60 years, is stabilization. In this stage, the progressive development of hypertrophic bone around the disc and facet joints leads to segmental stifening or frank ankylosis.
De acordo com os estágios do processo degenerativo da coluna vertebral, em qual deles se encaixam as hérnias de disco e a estenose do canal vertebral?
Disc herniation in this scheme is considered a complication of disc degeneration in the dysfunction and instability stages. Spinal stenosis from degenerative arthritis in this scheme is a complication of bony overgrowth compromising neural tissue in the late instability and early stabilization stages.
Como o tratamento cirúrgico pode melhorar as queixas de dores lombares nos pacientes?
Operative treatment can benefit a patient if it corrects a deformity, corrects instability, relieves neural compression, or treats a combination of these problems.
Qual a porcentagem de pacientes apresenta hérnias de disco assintomático nos estudos de imagem?
An overdependence on the diagnosis of disc herniation can occur with early use of these diagnostic studies, which show disc herniations in 20% to 36% of normal volunteers.
Quais são as indicações para solicitar radiografias para pacientes com dores lombares?
Age > 50 years
Significant trauma
Neuromuscular deficits
Unexplained weight loss (10 lb in 6 months)
Suspicion of ankylosing spondylitis
Drug or alcohol abuse
History of cancer
Use of corticosteroids
Temperature ≥ 37.8°C (≥100°F)
Recent visit (≤1 month) for same problem and no improvement
Patient seeking compensation for back pain
Como é a correlação clínica e de imagem nos pacientes com dores lombares?
Severe nerve compression shown by MRI or CT correlates with symptoms of distal leg pain; however, mildtomoderate nerve compression, disc degeneration or bulging, and central stenosis do not correlate significantly with specific pain patterns.
Como é realizada a incidência radiográfica de Ferguson e qual a sua utilidade?
The Ferguson view (20 degree caudocephalic anteroposterior radiograph) has been shown to be of value in the diagnosis of the “far out syndrome,” that is, fifth root compression produced by a large transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra against the ala of the sacrum.
Quais são as indicações primárias para realização de mielografia?
The primary indications for myelography are suspicion of an intraspinal lesion, patients with spinal instrumentation, or questionable diagnosis resulting from conflicting clinical indings and other studies.
Quais são as vantagens e desvantagens do uso de contrastes hidrosolúveis para a realização de mielografia?
Watersoluble contrast media are now the standard agents for myelography. Their advantages include absorption by the body, enhanced definition of structures, tolerance, and the ability to vary the dosage for diferent contrasts. The complications of these agents include nausea, vomiting, confusion, and seizures.
A injeção epidural de corticóide apresenta melhores resultados quando aplicada de qual forma?
A retrospective study comparing interlaminar to transforaminal epidural injections for symptomatic lumbar intervertebral disc herniations found that transforaminal injections resulted in better shortterm pain improvement and fewer longterm operative interventions.
Quais complicações podem ocorrer com a injeção epidural de corticóide?
Few serious complications occur in patients receiving epidural corticosteroid injections; however, epidural abscess, epidural hematoma, durocutaneous fistula, and Cushing syndrome have been reported as individual case reports. The most adverse immediate reaction during an epidural injection is a vasovagal reaction.
Quais são as contra-indicações para a realização de injeção epidural de corticóides?
Epidural corticosteroid injections are contraindicated in the presence of infection at the injection site, systemic infection, bleeding diathesis, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure.
Qual a taxa de falha na injeção epidural de corticóide sem radioscopia?
Even in experienced hands, needle misplacement occurs in 40% of caudal and 30% of lumbar epidural injections when done without fluoroscopic guidance.
Quais são as evidências para a injeção epidural de corticóides em pacientes com dores lombares?
When nerve root injury is associated with a disc herniation or lateral bony stenosis, most patients who received substantial relief of leg pain from a wellplaced transforaminal injection, even if temporary, benefit from surgery for the radicular pain. Patients who do not respond and who have had radicular pain for at least 12 months are unlikely to benefit from surgery. Patients with back and leg pain of an acute nature (
Qual é o método gold standard para avaliar a participação da faceta articular como causadora da dor lombar?
Fluoroscopically guided facet joint injections are commonly considered the “gold standard” for isolating or excluding the facet joint as a source of spine or extremity pain.
Quando suspeitar que a dor lombar é originária da articulação sacroiliaca?
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction should be considered, however, if an injury was caused by a direct fall on the buttocks, a rear-end motor vehicle accident with the ipsilateral foot on the brake at the moment of impact, a broadside motor vehicle accident with a blow to the lateral aspect of the pelvic ring, or a fall in a hole with one leg in the hole and the other extended outside. Lumbar rotation and axial loading that can occur during ballet or ice skating is another common mechanism of injury.
Qual a região mais associada a dor originária na articulação sacroiliaca?
In studies of asymptomatic subjects, the most constant referral zone was localized to a 3 × 10cm area just inferior to the ipsilateral posterior superior iliac spine; however, pain may be referred to the buttocks, groin, posterior thigh, calf, and foot.
Qual a aplicação mais importante da discografia?
The most important aspect of discography is provocative testing for concordant pain (pain that corresponds to a patient’s usual pain) to provide information regarding the clinical significance of the disc abnormality.
Quais são as indicações de discografia lombar?
Indications for lumbar discography include operative planning of spinal fusion, testing of the structural integrity of an adjacent disc to a known abnormality such as spondylolisthesis or fusion, identifying a painful disc among multiple degenerative discs, ruling out secondary internal disc disruption or suspected lateral or recurrent disc herniation, and determining the primary symptom-producing level when chemonucleolysis is being considered.
Quais são as contra-indicações para a realização de discografia?
Compression of the spinal cord, stenosis of the roots, bleeding disorders, allergy to the injectable material, and active infection are contraindications to diagnostic discography procedures.
Quais são os riscos das discografias?
Although the risk of complications from discography is low, potential problems include discitis, nerve root injury, subarachnoid puncture, chemical meningitis, bleeding, and allergic reactions. In addition, in the cervical region, retropharyngeal and epidural abscess can occur. Pneumothorax is a risk in the cervical and thoracic regions.
Como é a epidemiologia das hérnias de disco cervicais?
Cervical disc disease is slightly more common in men. Factors associated with the injury are frequent heavy lifting on the job, cigarette smoking, and frequent diving from a board. Patients with cervical disc disease also are likely to have lumbar disc disease.
Onde ocorrem as mudanças hipertróficas na coluna cervical em relação a fisiopatologia da doença do disco?
In contrast to those in the lumbar spine, these hypertrophic changes are predominantly at the unco vertebral joint (uncinate process).
Nos estágios finais, quais são os achados nas colunas cervical e lombar dos processos degenerativos?
As in lumbar disease, progressive stifening of the cervical spine and loss of motion are the usual result in the end stages.
Quais são os tratamentos cirurgicos mais utilizados para hérnias de disco cervicais?
Currently, anterior cervical discectomy with fusion is the procedure of choice when the disc is removed anteriorly to avoid disc space collapse, prevent painful and abnormal cervical motion, and speed intervertebral fusion. Foraminotomy is the procedure of choice when the disc fragment can be removed posteriorly.
Quais são as queixas mais comuns de pacientes com hérnia de disco cervical em relação a coluna vertebral?
Complaints of neck pain, medial scapular pain, and shoulder pain are probably related to primary pain around the disc and spine.
Quais são os sintomas de compressão radicular esperados em pacientes com discopatia cervical?
Symptoms of root compression usually are associated with pain radiating into the arm or chest with numbness in the fingers and motor weakness. Cervical disc disease also can mimic cardiac disease with chest and arm pain. Usually the radicular symptoms are intermittent and combined with more frequent neck and shoulder pain.
Quais os sinais de mielopatia esperados em um paciente com discopatia cervical?
The signs of midline cervical spinal cord compression (myelopathy) are unique and varied. The pain is poorly localized and aching and may be only a minor complaint. Occasional sharp pain or generalized tingling may be described with neck extension. This is similar to the Lhermitte sign in multiple sclerosis. The pain can be in the shoulder and pelvic girdles; it is occasionally associated with a generalized feeling of weakness in the lower extremities and a feeling of instability.
Quais os achados esperados na compressão da raíz de C5?
Sensory Deficit = Upper lateral arm and elbow
Motor Weakness = Deltoid Biceps (variable)
Reflex Change = Biceps (variable)
Quais os achados esperados na compressão da raíz de C6?
Sensory Deficit = Lateral forearm, thumb, and index finger
Motor Weakness = Biceps, Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Reflex Change = Biceps, Brachioradialis
Quais os achados esperados na compressão da raíz de C7?
Sensory Deficit = Middle finger (variable because of overlap)
Motor Weakness = Triceps, Wrist flexors (flexor carpi radialis), Finger extensors (variable)
Reflex Change = Triceps
Quais os achados esperados na compressão da raíz de C8?
Sensory Deficit = Ring finger, little finger, and ulnar border of palm Motor Weakness = Interossei, Finger flexors (variable), Flexor carpi ulnaris (variable)
Reflex Change = None
Quais os achados esperados na compressão da raíz de T1?
Sensory Deficit = Medial aspect of elbow
Motor Weakness = Interossei
Relex Change = None
Como realizar o shoulder abduction relief test?
The shoulder abduction relief sign can be helpful in diagnosing cervical root compression syndromes. The test consists of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion with placement of the hand on the top of the head. This maneuver should relieve the arm pain caused by radicular compression. If this position is allowed to persist for 1 or 2 minutes and pain is increased, more distal compressive neuropathies such as a tardy ulnar nerve syndrome (cubital tunnel syndrome) or primary shoulder pathological conditions often are the cause.
Como é realizado o teste da distração?
The distraction test, which involves the examiner placing the hands on the occiput and jaw and distracting the cervical spine in the neutral position, can relieve root com pression pain but also can increase pain caused by ligamen tous injury. Neck extension and flexion with or without traction can be helpful in selecting conservative therapies.
Quais são as possiveis causas das dores cervicais em pacientes que apresentam alivio dos sintomas com a extensão do pescoço? E aqueles com alívio com a flexão do pescoço?
Patients relieved of pain with the neck extended, with or without traction, usually have hyperextension syndromes with ligamentous injury posteriorly, whereas patients relieved of pain with distraction and neck flexion are more likely to have nerve root compression caused by a soft ruptured disc or more likely hypertrophic spurs in the neural foramina.
Quais são os sinais de compressão central do canal medular na região cervical?
If the lesion is high in the cervical region, paresthesias, weakness, atrophy, and occasionally fasciculations may occur in the hands. A Hofman sign (upper cervical spinal cord) or the inverted radial reflex (typically indicating C5-6 pathology) also may be present. Most commonly, however, the first and most prominent symptoms are those of involvement of the corticospinal tract; less commonly, the posterior columns are afected. The primary signs are sustained clonus, hyperactive relexes, and the Babinski reflex. Less significant findings are varying degrees of spasticity, weakness in the legs, and impairment of proprioception. Equilibrium may be grossly disturbed, but sense of pain and temperature sense rarely are lost and usually are of little localizing value.
Em relação aos diagnosticos diferenciais de discopatia cervical, quais são os fatores extrínsecos e os fatores intrínsecos?
Extrínsecos = tumors of the chest; nerve compression syndromes distal to the spine; degenerative processes, such as shoulder and upper extremity arthritis; temporomandibular joint syndrome; and lesions around the shoulder, such as acute and chronic rotator cuf tears and impingement syndromes. Intrínsecos = cervical disc degeneration with concomitant disc herniation or later development of hypertrophic arthritis. Congenital factors, such as spinal stenosis in the cervical region, also may produce symptoms. Primary and secondary tumors of the cervical spine and fractures of the cervical vertebrae also should be considered as intrinsic lesions.
Como Odom classificou as discopatias cervicais?
Odom et al. categorized cervical disc disease into four groups: (1) unilateral soft disc protrusion with nerve root compression; (2) foraminal spur, or hard disc, with nerve root compression; (3) medial soft disc protrusion with spinal cord compression; and (4) transverse ridge or cervical spondylosis with spinal cord compression. Soft disc herniations usually afect one level, whereas hard disc herniations can afect multiple levels. Central lesions usually result in cord compression symptoms, and lateral lesions usually result in radicular symptoms.
Segundo Odom, qual o local mais acometido por discopatia cervical?
Most of the soft disc herniations in the series of Odom et al. occurred at the C6 interspace (70%) and C5 interspace (24%). Only six occurred at the C7 interspace. Foraminal spurs also were found predominantly at the C6 interspace (48%).
O que ocorre com o disco herniado ao longo do tempo?
Reasonably good evidence shows that acute disc herniations decrease in size over time in the cervical region.
Qual o foco do tratamento conservador para discopatia cervical? Como realizá-lo?
The cervical spine is vulnerable to muscular tension forces, postural fatigue, and excessive motion. Most nonoperative treatments focus on one or more of these factors. The best primary treatment is short periods of rest, massage, ice, and antiinflammatory agents with active mobilization as soon as possible. The position of the neck for comfort is essential for relief of pain. The position of greatest relief may suggest the ofending pathological process or mechanism of injury. Patients with hyperlexion injuries usually are more comfortable with the neck in extension over a small roll under the neck. No specific position indicates lateral disc herniation, although most patients tolerate the neutral position best. Patients with spondylosis (hard disc) are most comfortable with the neck in flexion.
Quais são as indicações cirurgicas para discopatia cervical?
he primary indications for operative treatment of cervical disc disease are (1) failure of nonoperative pain management; (2) increasing and significant neurological deficit; and (3) cervical myelopathy, which predictably progresses, based on natural history studies.
Quando indicar VA ou VP na discopatia cervical?
The approach chosen should be determined by the location and type of lesion. Soft lateral discs are easily removed with the posterior approach, whereas soft central or hard discs (central or lateral) probably are best treated with an anterior approach.
Quais são as vantagens das tecnicas minimamente invasivas para tratamento cirurgico da discopatia cervical?
Cited advantages of these “minimally invasive” techniques include shorter operative time, fewer operative risks, less blood loss, less postoperative pain, and earlier return to activity.
Quais são as indicações para cirurgia minimamente invasiva nas discopatias cervicais?
Indications for minimally invasive posterior cervical procedures include radiculopathy caused by lateral disc herniation or foraminal stenosis, persistent or recurrent nerve root symptoms after anterior cervical discectomy, and cervical disc disease in patients for whom anterior approaches are contraindicated (e.g., those with anterior neck infection, tracheostomy, prior irradiation, previous radical neck surgery or neoplasm).
Quais são as contraindicações para técnica minimamente invasiva para as discopatias cervicais?
Contraindications are much the same as those for open treatment and include pure axial neck pain without neurologic symptoms, gross cervical instability, symptomatic central disc herniation, and kyphotic deformity that would make posterior decompression inefective.
Como é a técnica anterior de Cloward para tratamento de discopatias cervicais?
The Cloward technique involves making a round hole centered at the disc space. A slightly larger, round iliac crest plug is inserted into the disc space hole.
Como é a técnica anterior de Smith-Robinson para discopatia cervical?
The Smith-Robinson technique involves inserting a tri-cortical strut of iliac crest into the disc space after removing the disc and cartilaginous endplate. The graft is inserted with the cancellous side facing the cord (posterior).
Como é a técnica anterior de Bailey-Badgley para tratamento de doenças cervicais?
The Bailey-Badgley technique involves the creation of a slot in the superior and inferior vertebral bodies. This technique is most applicable to reconstruction when one or more vertebral bodies are excised for tumor, stenosis, or other extensive pathological conditions.
Qual das técnicas anteriores apresenta a melhor estabilidade anterior para o tratamento de discopatias cervicais?
Biomechanically, the Smith-Robinson technique provides the greatest stability and least risk of extrusion compared with the Cloward and Bailey-Badgley types of fusions.
As vias de acesso anterior devem ser realizadas de qual lado? Por quê?
Exposure from the left is less convenient for a right handed surgeon but may decrease the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The course of the nerve on the right is not as consistent.
Qual o argumento principal favorável a artroplastia do disco cervical?
The primary argument favoring these devices is that, by avoiding anterior fusion, adjacent segment degeneration can be minimized, reducing the need for reoperation. The indications for cervical disc arthroplasty appear to be similar to those for ACDF.
Qual o local de menor prevalência de discopatia na coluna vertebral?
The thoracic spine is the least common location for disc pathology.
Qual a faixa etária mais acometida por discopatia torácica?
The most common age at onset is between the fourth and sixth decades.
Quais são as indicações para tratamento cirurgico de discopatia torácica?
Operative treatment of thoracic disc herniations is indicated in rare patients with acute disc herniation with myelopathic findings attributable to the lesion, especially progressive neurological symptoms.
Quais são os diagnósticos diferenciais de discopatia torácica?
he diferential diagnosis for the symptoms of thoracic disc herniations is fairly extensive and includes nonspinal causes occurring with the cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. Spinal causes of similar symptoms can occur with infectious, neoplastic, degenerative, and metabolic problems within the spinal column and the spinal cord.
Quais são as duas populações descritas com discopatia torácica?
The smaller group of patients is younger and has a relatively short history of symptoms, oten with a history of trauma. The larger group of patients has a longer history, often more than 6 to 12 months of symptoms, which result from chronic spinal cord or root compression.
Quais são os padrões de dor apresentados pelos pacientes com discopatia torácica?
Two patterns of pain are apparent: one is axial, and the other is bandlike radicular pain along the course of the intercostal nerve. The T10 dermatomal level is the most commonly reported distribution, regardless of the level of involvement. This is a band extending around the lower lateral thorax and caudad to the level of the umbilicus. This radicular pattern is more common with upper thoracic and lateral disc herniations.
Discopatias cervicais altas podem se manifestar de qual forma?
High thoracic discs (T2 to T5) can manifest similarly to cervical disc disease with upper arm pain, paresthesias, radiculopathy, and Horner syndrome. Myelopathy also may occur.
Por que a RNM pode subestimar a discopatia torácica?
Despite all of these advantages, MRI may underestimate the thoracic disc herniation, which oten is calcified and has low signal intensity on T1 and T2 weighted sequences.
Quais são os principios de tratamento conservador para discopatia torácica?
The principles of shortterm rest, pain relief, anti-inlammatory agents, and progressive directed activity restoration seem most appropriate. These measures generally should be continued at least 6 to 12 weeks if feasible. If neurological deficits progress or manifest as myelopathy, or if pain remains at an intolerable level, surgery should be recommended.
Quais são os acessos cirúrgicos possíveis para tratamento da discopatia torácica?
Most more recent studies suggest that lateral rachiotomy (modified costotransversectomy) or an anterior transthoracic approach for discectomy produces considerably better results with no evidence of worsening after the procedure. Videoassisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been used in several series to remove central thoracic disc herniations successfully without the need for a thoracotomy or fusion.
Quando indicar a costotranversectomia na discopatia torácica?
Costotransversectomy is probably best suited for thoracic disc herniations that are predominantly lateral or herniations that are suspected to be extruded or sequestered. Central disc herniations are probably best approached transthoracically. Some surgeons have recommended subsequent fusion after disc removal anteriorly or laterally.
Qual a faixa etária predominante nas doenças dos discos intervertebrais?
Intervertebral disc disease and disc herniation are most prominent in otherwise healthy people in the third and fourth decades of life.
Quais estruturas anatomicas podem provocar dor lombar e dor na face posterior da coxa?
Back and posterior thigh pain of this type can be elicited from many areas of the spine, including the facet joints, longitudinal ligaments, and periosteum of the vertebra. Radicular pain usually extends below the knee and follows the dermatome of the involved nerve root.
Como é a dor característica da discopatia lombar?
The usual history of lumbar disc herniation is of repetitive lower back and buttock pain, relieved by a short period of rest. This pain is suddenly exacerbated, often by a flexion episode, with the appearance of leg pain. The pain from disc herniation usually varies, increasing with activity, especially sitting. The pain can be decreased by rest, especially in the semi-Fowler position, and can be exacerbated by straining, sneezing, or coughing.
Quais são os sintomas da síndrome da cauda equina?
These symptoms include numbness and weakness in both legs, rectal pain, numbness in the perineum, and paralysis of the sphincters. This diagnosis should be the primary consideration in patients who complain of sudden loss of bowel or bladder control. Whenever the diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome is caused by an acute midline herniation, evaluation and treatment should be aggressive.
Quais são os achados de exame físico de um paciente com discopatia lombar?
Usually patients with acute pain show evidence of marked paraspinal spasm that is sustained during walking or motion. A scoliosis or a list in the lumbar spine may be present, and in many patients the normal lumbar lordosis is lost. As the acute episode subsides, the degree of spasm diminishes remarkably, and the loss of normal lumbar lordosis may be the only telltale sign. Point tenderness may be present over the spinous process at the level of the disc involved, and pain may extend laterally in some patients.
O que é o flip sign?
Occasionally, if leg pain is significant, the patient leans back from an upright sitting position and assumes the tripod position to relieve the pain. This is referred to as the “flip sign.”
Qual o sinal patognomonico de discopatia lombar?
Contralateral leg pain produced by straight-leg raising should be regarded as pathognomonic of a herniated intervertebral disc.
Quais são os sinais de comprometimento da raiz de L4?
Sensory Deficit = Posterolateral thigh, anterior knee, and medial leg Motor Weakness = Quadriceps (variable), Hip adductors (variable) Anterior Tibial Weakness
Reflex change = Patellar tendon Anterior tibial tendon (variable)
Quais são os sinais de comprometimento da raiz de L5?
Sensory Deficit = Anterolateral leg, dorsum of the foot, and great toe Motor Weakness = Extensor hallucis longus, Gluteus medius, Extensor digitorum longus and brevis
Reflex Change = Usually none, Posterior tibial (dificult to elicit)
Quais são os sinais de comprometimento da raiz de S1?
Sensory Deficit = Lateral malleolus, lateral foot, heel, and web of fourth and fifth toes
Motor Weakness = Peroneus longus and brevis, Gastrocnemius-soleus complex, Gluteus maximus
Reflex Change = Achilles tendon (gastrocnemius-soleus complex)
Qual o nível mais acometido pela discopatia lombar?
More than 95% of the ruptures of the lumbar intervertebral discs occur at L4 or L5. Ruptures at higher levels in many patients are not associated with a positive straightleg raising test. In these instances, a positive femoral stretch test can be helpful.
Como realizar o teste de estiramento do nervo femoral?
This test is done by placing the patient prone and acutely flexing the knee, while placing the hand in the popliteal fossa. When this procedure results in anterior thigh pain, the result is positive, and a high lesion should be suspected. In addition, these lesions may occur with a more difuse neurological complaint without significant localizing neurological signs.
Como é o tratamento conservador para pacientes com discopatia lombar?
The simplest treatment for acute back pain is rest; generally 2 days of bed rest are better than a longer period. Biomechanical studies indicate that lying in a semi-Fowler position (i.e., on the side with the hips and knees flexed) with a pillow between the legs should relieve most pressure on the disc and nerve roots. Muscle spasm can be controlled by the application of ice, preferably with a massage over the muscles in spasm. Pain relief and anti-inflammatory efect can be achieved with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Most acute exacerbations of back pain respond quickly to this therapy. As the pain diminishes, the patient should be encour aged to begin isometric abdominal and lower extremity exer cises. Walking within the limits of comfort also is encouraged. Sitting, especially riding in a car, is discouraged. Continua tion of ordinary activities within the limits permitted by pain has been shown to lead to a quicker recovery. Patients with acute back and thigh pain eased by passive extension of the spine in the prone position can benefit from extension exercises rather than flexion exercises. Improvement in symptoms with extension indicates a good prognosis with conservative care.
Qual o papel dos narcóticos e relaxantes musculares no tratamento das dores lombares discogênicas?
The current trend seems to be moving away from the use of strong narcotics and muscle relaxants in the outpatient treatment of these syndromes.
Qual é o paciente ideal para o tratamento cirurgico da discopatia lombar?
The optimal patient is one with predominant (if not only) unilateral leg pain extending below the knee that has been present for at least 6 weeks. The pain should have been decreased by rest, anti-inflammatory medication, or even epidural steroids but should have returned to the initial levels after a minimum of 6 to 8 weeks of conservative care.
Quando a facetectomia está indicada nas cirurgias lombares?
Facetectomy usually is reserved for foraminal stenosis or severe lateral recess stenosis. If more than one facet is removed, a fusion should be considered in addition.
Qual é a anomalia de raíz nervosa lombar mais comum?
Conjoined nerve roots are the most common type of anomaly. Various anatomical studies show some type of con joined root in 14% to 17% of cadavers.
Como são classificadas as anomalias de raízes lombares combinadas?
There are three classes, the first two of which are subdivided. Type 1 occurs when two roots exit the dura with one common sheath. With type 1A anomalies, the cephalad root departs the conjoined stalk at an acute angle to exit below the appropriate pedicle, and the caudal root travels within the canal to exit also below the appropriate pedicle. If the cephalad root exits at 90 degrees from the conjoined portion, this is a type 1B anomaly. Type 2 anomalies occur when two roots exit through a single foramen. Type 2A anomalies have one vacant foramen; type 2B anomalies have a portion of one of the roots exiting via the other foramen, which may be cephalad to the foramen occupied by the two nerve roots. Type 3 anomalies occur when there is an anastomosing branch between two adjacent nerve roots. This branch crosses the disc space and can easily be injured during discectomy.
Qual nível mais comum de localização de raízes lombares combinadas?
The most common location for conjoined roots involves the L5 and S1 levels.
Qual a outra forma de anomalias de raízes lombares?
A second type of anomaly that may be as common as conjoined roots is a furcal nerve root; this refers to a bifurcation of a single nerve root. Often furcal roots are bilateral and can occur at multiple levels.
Como evoluem os pacientes com anomalias de raízes evoluem pós operatoriamente quando comparados como pacientes sem anomalias?
Surgical outcomes in patients with conjoined roots tend to be significantly worse than in the general population.
Quais são os princípios de tratamento das lesões durais?
Eismont, Wiesel, and Rothman suggested ive basic principles in the repair of these leaks:
- The operative field must be unobstructed, dry, and well exposed.
- Dural suture of a 40 or 60 gauge with a tapered or reverse cutting needle is used in a simple or a running locking stitch. If the leak is large or inaccessible, a free fat grat or fascial graft can be sutured to the dura. Fibrin glue applied to the repair also is helpful but used alone does not seal a significant leak.
- All repairs should be tested by using the reverse Trendelenburg position and Valsalva maneuvers.
- Paraspinous muscles and overlying fascia should be closed in two layers with nonabsorbable suture used in a watertight fashion. Drains should not be used.
- Bed rest in the supine position should be maintained for 4 to 7 days after the repair of lumbar dural defects. A lumbar drain should be placed if the integrity of the closure is questionable.
Quando suspeitar de lesão da dura-máter?
The development of headaches on standing and a stormy postoperative period should alert one to the possibility of an undetected CSF leak. This can be confirmed by MRI.
O que os estudos mais recentes concluem sobre a dissectomia simples e aquela associada à artrodese?
More recent data comparing disc excision alone with the combination of disc excision and fusion indicate that there is little, if any, advantage to the addition of a spinal fusion to the treatment of simple disc herniation.
Como é definido a dor do desarranjo interno do disco?
Current understanding of IDD defines this as a pathological condition resulting in axial spine pain with no or minimal deformation of spinal alignment or disc contour.
Quais são as características clínicas do desarranjo interno do disco?
Patients usually are relatively young, in the third to sixth decades of life. Pain usually is chronic with symptoms present for several years, although the pain may have become constant or very frequent only in the previous several months. The pain is axial primarily, often with buttock and posterior thigh (sclerotomal) pain. Pain distal to the knee indicates either diferent or coexistent pathology. Positions and activities that increase intradiscal pressure, such as sitting or flexion, should exacerbate the symptoms. Likewise, recumbency, especially in the fetal position, often decreases the pain.
Em relação aos sinais de Waddell, quantos devem estar presentes para excluir IDD?
Also, examination for Waddell signs should be included, and if three or more are present, an alternative diagnosis is more likely.
Como tratar IDD?
Most patients can be treated without operative intervention, especially if they are educated as to the nature of the process causing their pain, specifically that it is not relentlessly progressive generally, and that continued pain does not equate with progressive deterioration or disability. Often this understanding and instruction on moderate activity modification, aerobic conditioning such as walking, and core muscle strengthening allow these patients to manage their symptoms longterm without undue worry or resource consumption.
O que deve ser discutido com o paciente que cogita o tratamento cirurgico para IDD?
Before proceeding with any operative treatment, the patient should be informed that surgery leads to improvement in only 65%, leaving about 35% no better or possibly worse with respect to axial spine pain.
Quais são as causas mais comuns de coccidínea?
The most common causes of coccydynia that we have observed in our practice are a single direct axial trauma, such as falling directly on the coccyx, and a subtle form of cumulative trauma that occurs due to long periods of sitting awkwardly.
Como o IMC ajuda na coccidínea?
Obese patients have mainly posterior subluxation, normalweight patients have mainly a hypermobile or radiographically normal coccyx, and thin patients have mainly anterior subluxation and spicules.
Como tratar a coccidínea?
Nonsurgical methods such as NSAIDs and use of a donut cushion remain the standard initial treatment for coccydynia and are successful in approximately 90% of patients. When these methods fail to relieve pain, we have had success in reducing or eliminating coccygeal pain with the injectionof a local anesthetic and corticosteroids under fluoroscopic guidance. Although there is no clear consensus in the literature regarding the exact site of injection, we generally target the distal third of the coccyx.
Excision of the mobile segment or total coccygectomy may be indicated for patients in whom conservative management fails, especially those with radiographic evidence of hypermobility or subluxation; success rates ranging from 60% to 91% have been reported in this group of patients. Out comes of surgery are not as good in patients with normal coccygeal mobility.
Como está organizado o ânulo fibroso?
The anulus has a lamellar structure with interconnections between adjacent layers of collagen fibrils.
Taxa de recorrência de hérnia de disco?
18%
