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IB Psychology > Doing research > Flashcards

Doing research Flashcards

1
Q

what is experiment

A

a method of collecting data which measures the effect of an IV on a DV by controlling other variables

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2
Q

what is interview

A

a method of collecting data that involves directly questioning people

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3
Q

what is questionnaire

A

a method of collecting data that involves people answering a series of pre-determined questions

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4
Q

what is case study

A

a method of collecting data that involves focusing on a small sample in detail

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5
Q

what is laboratory experiment

A

where an IV is manipulated in a controlled environment to test its effect on a DV

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6
Q

what is field experiment

A

where an IV is manipulated in a natural environment to test its effect on a DV

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7
Q

what is natural experiment

A

where an IV is not directly controlled by the experimenter but its effect on a DV is still tested

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8
Q

W and L of lab experiment

A

they have more control over extraneous experiments, more reliable than field experiments and easier to recreate

they have low ecological validity because of their artificial settings, they suffer from demand characteristics as participants are aware that they are in a lab experiment

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9
Q

W and L of natural experiment

A

experiment can be ethic as nothing is manipulated

difficult for researchers to match up the participants they are comparing if the IV is already in place

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10
Q

W and L of field experiment

A

higher ecological validity over laboratory experiments as the environment is authentic even if the IV is set up

less control over extraneous variables and affect the reliability of results

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11
Q

structured interview

A

an interview with pre-determined questions

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12
Q

unstructured interview

A

an interview where questions vary depending on the interviewee’s answers

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13
Q

W of interview

A

they can access people’s thoughts and feelings

they can clarify what questions or answers mean and increase chance of more valid responses

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14
Q

L of interview

A

people may lie or exaggerate when answering questions, which affects the validity of results

they rely on people being able to explain their thoughts and feelings

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15
Q

close questions

A

questions which have set responses to choose from

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16
Q

open questions

A

questions that have no fixed responses so participants can respond how they wish

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17
Q

rating scales

A

a way of answering a close question that requires the respondent to select a number to represent their response

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18
Q

W and L of close

A

they give quantitative data and easy to quantify participant’s responses and identify patterns

lack construct validity

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19
Q

W and L of open

A

more qualitative data, more in-depth responses, more valid results

data is difficult to analyse for trends

20
Q

W and L of questionnaire

A

access people’s thoughts and feelings

possible to compare answers and look for reliable patterns and trends

misunderstand questions as they do them alone, unanswered or reliable answers

do not consider individuals, personal responses, affect validity

21
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing people in a real-life setting

lack of control over EV, less reliability

22
Q

controlled observation

A

observing people in an environment that has been set up in some way

artificial, ecological validity

23
Q

overt observation

A

observing people with their knowledge

behave differently, affect validity

24
Q

covert observation

A

observing people without them knowing

cannot give consent, unethical

25
Q

participant observation

A

observing people while also participating in their activities

can’t be objective, too involved

26
Q

non-participant observation

A

observing people from a distance

miss important details, insight, not being involved

27
Q

qualitative data

A

descriptive data

28
Q

W and L of case studies

A

rich, in-depth qualitative data, high in validity as they go in detail

based on small samples, cases are rear, cannot represent, hard to generalise, subjective

29
Q

quantitative data

A

numerical data

30
Q

positive correlation

A

when two variables travel in the same direction

31
Q

negative correlation

A

when two variables travel in opposite direction

32
Q

zero correlation

A

when two variables show no relationship

33
Q

correlation variable

A

a score that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two co-variables

34
Q

W of correlation

A

carry out statistical investigation of behaviours that cannot be experimented

high level of ecological validity as nothing is set up and manipulated compared to experiments

35
Q

L of correlation

A

inform the researchers about the relationship between variable and does not tell them about a casual relationship

need to use quantitative data, lack of construct validity

36
Q

reliability

A

a measure of how consistent or replicable something is

37
Q

validity

A

a measure of how true or accurate something is

38
Q

internal reliability

A

where a measure is consistent within itself

39
Q

external reliability

A

where a measure is consistent beyond itself, on another occasion

40
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

where two or more researchers agree on a set of results

41
Q

ecological validity

A

how far a research setting mirrors real-life

unrealistic, artificial

42
Q

construct validity

A

how far a variable is measured in relation to the whole concept

quantitative measures, narrow measure of subject

43
Q

population validity

A

how far a sample represents the target population

a small bias sample

44
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues from the procedure that suggest what the research is about

when participants know the aim, behave differently

45
Q

observer effect

A

the effect on behaviour when people know they are being observed

behave differently as they know that they are being observed

46
Q

social desirability

A

the pressure to respond to questions in a way that is expected and acceptable

they want to look good in the eyes of the researcher

47
Q
A

IB Psychology (22 decks)

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