dispositional

Question 1

dispositional

Answer 1

how our own personality can affect whether or not we will obey or confrom

Question 2

self-esteem

Answer 2

how we perceive ourselves

Question 3

locus of control

Answer 3

how much control a person feels they have over their own life, with reference to external and internal factors

Question 4

Authoritarian personality consists of:

Answer 4

Conventionalism (rigidly adhering to conventional values)
Authoritarian submission (passive uncritical attitude towards moral authorities)
Authoritarian aggression (discrimination and condemnation of people who violate conventional rules)
Anti-intraception (opposition towards the tender ‘weak’ minded)
Stereotypy (disposition to think in rigid categories)
Power and toughness (mindset of the leader and follower)
Destructiveness and cynicism (hostility, vilification of ppl)
Projectivity (outwards projection of subconscious impulses)
Sex (unneccessary concern over other’s sex lives)

Question 5

Morality

Answer 5

understanding what is right and wrong in how we think and behave. it includes being honest, truthful and responsible for your actions

Question 6

Kohlberg (1969)

Answer 6

conducted a longitudinal study into morality by following the same group of boys over a period of 12 years to see how their moral thinking has changed and developed

Question 7

three levels

Answer 7

pre-conventional
conventional
post-conventional

Question 8

stage 1

Answer 8

about punishment, children are focused on the consequences of any actions rather than the value of the action

Question 9

stage 2

Answer 9

action is based on what is most beneficial for the individual and sometimes for others - generally only if there is an assumption that the other person will return the favour at some point

Question 10

stage 3

Answer 10

action is about pleasing and getting approval from other people. behaviour is judged on what the intention was rather than the action

Question 11

stage 4

Answer 11

behaviour is based around obeying authority and maintaining social order

Question 12

stage 5

Answer 12

moral behaviour is defined by what has been agreed upon by society as a whole. The key aspect of this stage is what is considered ‘lawful’

Question 13

stage 6

Answer 13

behaviour is based on more abstract ideas of justice and what is ethical. Human rights and respect for other human beings is seen as the most important element

Question 14

criticisms of dispositional (1)

Answer 14

Dispositional explanations focus too much on the individual making generalisations difficulty

Question 15

criticisms of dispositional (2)

Answer 15

dispositional explanations of conformity and obedience are reductionist. It suggests we are influenced by those around and doesn’t give us a complete picture of why we conform

Question 16

criticisms of dispositional (3)

Answer 16

Kohiberg’s research is not generalisable. It is biased to Western cultures and does not take into account other cultures’ perspectives on morality. This means that it may not give a valid idea of the levels of morality in other cultures.

Question 17

criticisms of dispositional (4)

Answer 17

Locus of control may not be a good explanation for crowd behaviour as people can have a different locus of control depending on the situation that they are in. Therefore, this may make behaviour harder to predict and may not offer a useful explanation for how people behave in crowd situations.

Question 18

criticisms of dispositional (5)

Answer 18

Authoritarian personality does not explain why people who have not experienced harsh parenting are obedient. The theory is limited in that it only really explains one aspect of why people obey. It cannot be generalised to people who have not experienced harsh parenting.

Question 19

criticisms of dispositional (6)

Answer 19

Kohlberg’s research is gender biased. Kohlberg’s research on moral development only used a male sample. The results from this research were used to create the stages of his theory. Gilligan, another psychologist, found that females generally score lower on the scale than males, leading Gilligan to suggest that females may view morality in a different way to males - that males are more focused on justice, while females focus more on caring. This means that Kohlberg’s theory may not offer a good view of why females behave in pro or anti-social ways.