Dogs and cats Flashcards
Uses of cat in research
used for locomotion, spinal trauma, retrovirus and zoonotic dz
What 3 retroviruses are cats susceptible to?
FIV – feline immunodeficiency virus (Lentivirus)
FeLV - feline leukemia virus (Gammaretrovirus)
FFV – feline foamy virus (Spumavirus)
What types of Helicobacter do cats have?
H. felis
Also can be infected by H. pylori
Why are cats used for spinal cord injury?
Spinal cord same length as humans
Small size
To study obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), cats are trained to sleep in hammock in 1 of 4 positions wearing CPAP machine. Name the positions and which is obstructive?
Supine neck extended, supine neck flexed (= OSA), prone neck extended, prone neck flexed
Chediak Hegashi syndrome in cats vs mice
Cats: Blue Persian, recessive, albinism, Cu-coloured eyes
Mice: Beige (Lyst mutation, chrom 13)
Which species get Waardenburg syndrome and what is it associated with?
autosomal dominant, white fur, blue eyes, deaf
Cat, mice, ferrets, dog
Name centers for feline inherited dz?
Center for comparative medical genetics (CCMG) - MPS, porphyria, hypothyroidism
Cat phenotype and health information registry (CAT PHIR)
National Cancer Institute Laboratory of Genomic Diversity - spinal muscular atrophy, PCKD
Cat space requirements. Are Guide and AWA the same?
Up to 4 kg 3 ft2; over 4 kg 4 ft2; height 24”
12 adults per room
If space for each kitten is <5% of minimum requirement for queen, must be approved by AV (research) or APHIS (dealers/exhibitors)
In Guide, litter pan not considered floor space
Why should cat litter boxes be cleaned daily?
Toxoplasma gondii requires 1-5 days to sporulate and become infective
How long to quarantine new cats that are 1) purpose-bred, 2) SPF, 3) random source
6 wk: time it takes to seroconvert to FIV and Ag(+) to FeLV
SPF cats 1wk for shipping related dz
Random source: 8-12 weeks to ID dz, elim parasites, vaxx
Recommended breeding ratio for cats
1:4-6 breeding ratio (harem)
What photoperiod for cat breeding and what is the timing? How to enhance breeding performance?
Cycle w/in 7-10 wk of 14:10h light cycle🡪 can shorten by priming with <8 hrs light or adding tom/estral queen at start of 14:10h
Provide period of short days <8h/d for 4-6wk ensures anestrus and regaining of body condition/enhances reproductive performance
How long after lactation & weaning do queens return to heat? What happens if they go into heat while pregnant?
2-8 weeks (~4 weeks)
Superfetation (kittens born at different developmental stages)
Gestation of Felis catus and Canis lupus familiaris
Dog: 59-63 days
Cat: 65-66 days
What blood type cats cannot be bred?
Do not breed blood type A toms to B queens b/c neonatal isoerythrolysis
= Queen B
Type B cats have a high antibody titer (isoagglutinin) against type A blood, which can result in severe transfusion reactions and fatal neonatal isoerythrolysis (if type A kittens are born to type B dams).
Dietary requirements for cats
Obligate carnivore
also require taurine, arginine, arachidonic acid, Vit A, D, B3 (niacin), B1 (thiamin), B9 (folic acid for metaphase) which they normally get in their prey
How long is GIT compared to body length in cats vs dogs?
Cat GIT 4.2x body length vs 6x in dogs (cats have faster GI transit)
What does low taurine and absent taurine diet cause in cat?
Low taurine –> DCM within 3 years
Absent taurine –> retinal degeneration within 3 months
How to calculate energy requirements for cat
100 kcal/(kg body weight)^0.67
Etiology of feline URT
Primary agents:
1) Feline herpesvirus-1, feline viral rhinotracheitis (FHV-1): subfamily Alphaherpesvirus
2) Feline calicivirus (FCV)
Other agents Chlamydia felis, Mycoplasma felis, reovirus and Bordetella
Of the two main primary causes of URT in cats, which one persists in the environment and for how long?
FHV-1 (enveloped DNA) - susceptible to most disinfectants
FCV (non-enveloped RNA) - highly resistant, lasts up to 2 wks
How to prevent feline parvovirus?
Panleukopenia
Vaccinate - kittens at risk as early as 6 wks, and repeat q3-4 wks until 16-20 wks
What age cats are most susceptible to FIP and what is pathogenesis?
Kittens (increased FECV levels, decreased resistance to mutation)
FECV spike protein mutates –> tropism for macrophages in FIPV w/ systemic spread
FECV and FIPV immunity are not cross-protective
Which form of FIP is more common and what is a major clinical sign?
Wet form (effusive) more common than dry form (non-effusive); presents with painless abdominal distention
Dry form - diffuse granulomatous
Most common route of transmission for roundworms and hookworms in cats
Transmammary
Ascarids/roundworms (Toxocara cati, Toxocaris leonina); Hookworms (Ancylostoma, Uncinaria)
What type of zoonoses are caused by roundworms and hookworms from cats?
Hookworms = cutaneous larval migrans
Ascarids = visceral larval migrans
Main allergen for cats
Fel d1
hair, saliva, dander (same as Can f1
Acceptable euthanasia methods for companion animals
- Barbiturates and barbiturate acid derivatives (BADs) - IV and IP
- Nonbarbiturate anesthetic overdose
- Tributame IV (extralabel in cats)
- T-61 slowly IV (off market)
Acceptable with conditions in companion animals
- Barbiturates and BADs - IO, IC, intrahepatic, intrasplenic, intrarenal
- Inhaled anesthetics <7 kg; CO and CO2
- Gunshot (sedate cats prior)
- Penetrating captive bolt
Adjunctive methods in companion animals
- Potassium chloride (IV, IC)
- N2 or Ar (<2% O2)
- Electrocution (dogs)
Unacceptable euthanasia methods for companion animals
- SC, IM, intrapulmonary and intrathecal routes for injectable euthanasia agents
- Household chemicals, disinfectants, cleaning agents, and pesticides
- Hypothermia, drowning
Why do cats have higher taurine requirements?
Most animals can synthesize taurine from methionine and cysteine, but cats have significantly decreased amounts of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), which is the limiting enzyme in the taurine biosynthesis pathway.
Why do cats need arachidonic acid in their diet?
Cats can not convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid
Most important factor in FLUTD?
pH (struvite crystals form when pH >6.5)
5 phases of feline estrus cycle
Proestrus, Estrus, Interestrus (period btwn estrus cycles if not bred), Diestrus (if bred), Anestrus
What is the only pregnancy-specific hormone in cats and where is it produced?
Relaxin
produced by placenta
Which species has the highest incidence of naturally occurring lymphoid malignancies of non-rodent mammal?
Cat
Which type of cat gets glycogen storage diseases?
Norwegian forest cat
Which type of cat gets Niemann Pick syndrome
Siamese
deficiency of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)
Which cat gets spina bifida?
Manx cat (has mutation that shortens the tail; may be too short)
Which cat gets PCKD? What do they also get?
Persian (also Chediak-Higashi)
progressive retinal atrophy
Which cat gets Klinefelter’s Syndrome?
XXY
male tortoiseshell cat
Which retrovirus is the least pathogenic in cats and may be used for gene therapy?
Feline foamy virus (FFV)
What percent of non-rodent research is cats?
2%
How to detect FeLV?
Serology or ELISA assay for FeLV protein, p27 gag
____ is a retrovirus similar to Woolly Monkey Sarcoma Virus and Gibon ape leukemia virus in primates as they are both ____________ (type of retrovirus). Feline foamy virus is similar to Simian Foamy virus as they both belong to _________.
FeLV; Gammaretrovirus
Spumavirus
What segment of the spinal cord are lesions typically made in a cat for a spinal cord injury model?
T13
Which cat gets hypotrichinosis?
Cornish Rex
Which cat breed gets retinal degeneration?
Abyssinians cats with rdAC mutations
Persian cats
What is the most common cause of otitis externa in cats?
ear mites (Otodectes cynotis)
(vs bacterial in dogs)
The most common form of FIP seen in cats is the _________ form, and has a shorter/longer incubation period than the other type. Serology is/is not effective for diagnosis.
effusive/wet
SHORTER
NOT (cross-reactivity with FECV
What is special about MPTP-induced Parkinson’s in cats compared to humans?
Cats can recover
What is the most common nutritional disease in pet cats in the Western hemisphere? Name comorbidities.
Which organ secretes a variety of substances that are active in energy metabolism and appetite control such as steroid hormones, growth factors and various cytokines such as leptin, resistin, and visfatin.
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus, hepatic lipidosis, urinary tract disease
White adipose tissue
When is puberty in queens and tomcats?
Females: 5-9 months
Males: 8-13 months
What age is peak sexual activity in cats?
1.5 - 7 years
When is seasonal anestrus in cats?
usually begins in October and can last through December
Adolescent queens usually begin to cycle when they reach ___ kg
2
What happens with Vitamin A deficiency in cats?
Leukoencephalomyopathy with progressive hind-limb ataxia/proprioceptive deficits
Can be caused by gamma-irradiated diet
What is AAFCO?
American Association of Feed Control Officials
Ensures diets nutritionally complete, palatable
What aspect of Parkinson’s are cats used to model?
Sleep disorders
How is FIV similar to and different from HIV-related disease in humans?
Similar: viral morphology, biology: cellular viremia 1-2 weeks, persistent within cells, can induce B-cell proliferation or lymphoma
Different: viral antigens
What age is the most important socialization time period for cats?
3-8 weeks
Does FCV vaccine prevent infection?
vax does NOT prevent infection or shedding
What is the recommended number of air changes per hour for cat rooms?
10-12
Kittens that are reared in cooperative nesting environments leave the nest _____________ (sooner, later) and develop _______________(slower, faster) than kittens raised by a solitary queen.
Sooner; faster
Queens can have ____________ number of litters per year, with an average of _____________ kittens per litter.
2-3
3-4
Transgenic cats express_____________________ factor and are resistant to ____.
antiviral restriction
FIV replication
Which pathogen is associated with mucosal ulceration and stomatitis in cats?
Feline calicivirus
According to the Animal Welfare Act and its regulations, if the suspended floor of a primary enclosure for cats is constructed of metal strands, the strands must be greater than _________ in diameter?
1/8 inch
Pet Protection Act in 1990 established ___ day holding period for animals in pounds and shelters sold to dealers.
5 days
