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ACLAM Boards Prep > NHPs > Flashcards

NHPs Flashcards

1
Q

When did Indian government cease exportation of rhesus macaques?

A

1968

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2
Q

What group is involved in conservation by listing primates available from research facilities/suppliers within the US?

A

University of Washington National Primate Research Center publication = Primate Resource Referral Service

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3
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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4
Q

What are common characteristics of primates?

A

Unguiculate, claviculate, placental, orbits encircled by bone, 3 kinds of teeth at one point in life, brain has posterior lobe and calcarine fissure (for vision), opposable digits, hallux with flat nail or none, well-marked caecum, penis pendulous, testes scrotal, always 2 pectoral mammae

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5
Q

What are the primate suborders?

A

Simians, prosimians (Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini), tarsiers (genus Tarsius)

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6
Q

What is used to differentiate Indian and Chinese origin macaques?

A

SNPs

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7
Q

How are Tarsiers similar to and different from prosimians? How are they similar to simians?

A

Like prosimians: nocturnal, large eyes, mobile ears, ‘toilet claws’ on foot, 2 part mandible
Unlike prosimians: NO naked rhinarium and dental comb
Like simians: upright lower incisors and a dry, furry nose

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8
Q

What distinguishes monkeys and apes? What are the names of the superfamily monkey and ape?

A

Monkeys have external tail.
Monkey: Cercopithecoidea
Ape: Hominoidea

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9
Q

What are two families of apes?

A

Hylobatidae (lesser ape)
Hominidae (greater ape)

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10
Q

Which species are in Hylobatidae (lesser ape)? What characteristic separates them from Hominidae?

A

Gibbons (Four genera including Hylobates)
Siamang

They are brachiators

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11
Q

Which species are in Hominidae (greater ape)?

A

Chimp (Pan troglodytes)
Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
Gorilla
Orangutan

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12
Q

What are the two subfamilies of Cercopithecidae? What is a characteristic distinguishes them?

A

Cercopithecinae - macaques, baboons, AGM, sooty Mangabey

Colobinae - Colobus monkey

Colobus monkey has pseudoprehensile tail

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13
Q

What is Catarrhini and Platyrrhini? What are some defining characteristics?

A

Infraorders

Catarrhini = OWP; downward nose, ischial callosity; can convert Vit D2 to D3; some have sex skin and perineal tumescence

Platyrrhini = NWP; flat, broad nose and require Vit D3 in diet

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14
Q

What is superfamily for Platyrrhini (NWP)?

A

Callithricoidea

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15
Q

What is Callithricoidea and what families does it contain?

A

Callithricoidea = superfamily in Platyrrhini infraorder (NWP)

Cebidae - Callitrichinae (marm, tamarin), Cebinae (capuchin), Saimirinae (squirrel)

Aotidae - Aotus (owl)

Pithecidae - contains Callicebinae (Titi monkey)

Atelidae - Alouattinae (Alouatta, Howler), Atelinae (Brachyteles, Ateles - spider, Lagothrix - wooly)

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16
Q

Name characteristics of prosimians e.g. lemurs.

A

Naked rhinarium, fissured upper lip, most are nocturnal, toilet claw hind limb D2, lower incisors make toothcomb, sublingual structure to clean toothcomb

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17
Q

What is dental formula for Catarrhini, Platyrrhini, and Prosimians

A

OWP: 2123
NWP: 2133 (except Callitrichids 2132)
Prosimians: 2133

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18
Q

What is placentation of prosimians and tarsiers?

A

Prosimians: epitheliochorial
Tarsiers: hemochorial

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19
Q

Name characteristics of Catarrhini (OWP).

A
  • Muzzle elongated (degree varies by species)
  • Narrowly spaced, turned-down nares
  • Ischial callosities for sitting in some species
  • Cheek pouches for storing food in some genera of Cercopithecidae
  • All have menstrual cycles
  • Can utilize Vit D2 in diet
  • All diurnal
  • All hemochorial placenta
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20
Q

Name characteristics of Platyrrhini (NWP).

A
  • Broadly spaced and laterally flared nares
  • Prehensile or pseudoprehensile tails in some species
  • Require vitamin D3 in their diet; ingested vitamin D2 is not bioavailable
  • All have estrous cycles, except Cebus spp. aka capuchin, which menstruate
  • All diurnal, except Aotus spp. (the only nocturnal simian primate)
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21
Q

Characteristics of Callitrichids

A
  • Hallux opposable, but thumb is not
  • 2 distinct marking glands: sternal, circumgenital
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22
Q

What is estrous cycle length of marmoset vs tamarin?

A

28-29 days marmosets, 23-26 days tamarins

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23
Q

Which simian has the most efficient reproduction due to postpartum estrus (lack of lactational anestrus) and twinning?

A

Marmoset (tamarins twin but do not have postpartum estrus)

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24
Q

What type of twins do Callitrichids have and what is the result?

A

Dizygotic (fraternal)

Twins are chimeras (even singletons chimeras bc often resorbed other fetus)

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25
Q

How do female callitrichids avoid freemartinism?

A

Blood chimerism occurs due to placental vascular anastomoses, but females have aromatizing enzyme system thaArt converts androgens to estrone

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26
Q

Are marmosets seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?

A

Seasonal in wild, nonseasonal in lab

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27
Q

What is gestation length of marmosets vs tamarins?

A

Marmosets: 148 days
Tamarins: 168 days

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28
Q

Why do callitrichids require a flat surface for sleeping (nest box)?

A

They need to be able to curl up together and conserve heat

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29
Q

Can marmosets be fed standard NWP diet?

A

No; they have higher metabolic rate than other NHPs. They would develop hepatic hemosiderosis (have high iron absorption efficiency)

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30
Q

How much Vit D3 do callitrichids need per kg of dry diet?

A

At least 1000-3000 IU of vit D3/kg dry diet

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31
Q

What causes callitrichid hepatitis?

A

Caused by feeding neonatal rodents for protein –> LCMV

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32
Q

Which primate is model of ulcerative colitis?

A

Tamarins. Develop IBD/UC

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33
Q

Which part of intestine is primarily affected in marmosets vs tamarins with IBD?

A

Marmosets: Small intestine
Tamarins: large intestine

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34
Q

Which primates develop a distinct torpor with hypothermia during sleep

A

Callitrichids
Temp decreases to 93 F - 34.0°C

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35
Q

Which primate is a model of Parkinson’s disease, aging/age-related dz, idiopathic hemochromatosis, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (mimics multiple sclerosis in humans)

A

Marmosets

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36
Q

Which NWPs exhibit little to no sexual dimorphism?

A

Owl monkeys (Aotus) and Titi monkeys (Callicebus)

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37
Q

What is the only nocturnal simian?

A

Owl monkey (Aotus), but appears to have evolved from a diurnal ancestor because the eyes retain vestigial features characteristic of diurnal vision (i.e. retinal fovea) and they lack tapetum lucidum like other nocturnal spp

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38
Q

Which primate has varied chromosome number? What other species has this?

A

Owl monkey (Aotus)
Rice rat (Oryzomys)

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39
Q

What are the two types of owl monkeys?

A

Red-necked = south of Amazon river eg Aotus nancymaae
Gray-necked = north of Amazon river eg Aotus griseimembra

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40
Q

Which NWPs are monogamous?

A

Owl monkey (Aotus)
Titi monkey (Callicebus)

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41
Q

What is length of estrous cycle of owl monkey?

A

15-18 days

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42
Q

Which NWP is sexually receptive at all times of estrous cycle?

A

Owl monkey (Aotus)

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43
Q

What is gestation length of owl monkey?

A

Varies by species; eg A. griseimembra = 133 days

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44
Q

What infection is Aotus griseimembra (gray-necked) highly susceptible to?

A

Malaria - Plasmodium falciparum

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45
Q

How to visually distinguish male and female Saimiri?

A

(Squirrel monkey)
Peri-auricular hair coat - females > 5 years old have black spot

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46
Q

Which Saimiri species have roman vs gothic arch? What color head does each have?

A

Gothic: gray-green head; S. sciureus, S. oerstedii, S. ustus
Roman: black head; S. boliviensis, S. vanzolinii

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47
Q

How many chromosomes do Saimiri have?

A

44

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48
Q

Which NHP has karyotypic variations that can limit breeding success?

A

Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri)
Theoretically, 50% of conceptions in hybrid squirrel monkeys could be nonviable

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49
Q

Are females or males dominant in S. sciurius and S. bolivensis?

A

S. sciurius: males
S. boliviensis: females

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50
Q

Gestation length of Saimiri

A

150 days

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51
Q

Which NHP has seasonal enlargement of testes concomitant with spermatogenesis?

A

Saimiri

They also undergo “fatting” where they gain 15% of BW

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52
Q

Which NWP has large fetal size compared to mom (at term infant weights ~18% of dam) causing dystocia to be common (stillbirths) and the infant actively participates once shoulders are out?

A

Saimiri

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53
Q

Which NWP has allomaternal care of young (multiple females) and males do not contribute?

A

Saimiri

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54
Q

For squirrel monkeys perches should be greater than ___ in diameter to avoid pressure sores on the dorsum of the base of the tail.

A

0.75”

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55
Q

Which two NWPs interact in the wild with one another e.g. one uses the alarm system call of the other, and they may be housed together in captivity?

A

Saimiri (squirrel) and Cebus (capuchin)

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56
Q

How much Vit D3, Vit C, and Vit B9 is needed in diet of Saimiri?

A

Vit D3: 1 IU/g of diet to prevent rickets (1000 units per kg)
Vit C: 10 mg/kg per day to prevent scurvy
B9 (folic acid): 200 pg/day

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57
Q

Which primate is used to study glucocorticoid resistance?

A

Saimiri

Circulating free cortisol is 100x greater than humans or OWPs

Also higher testosterone bc steroid resistance

58
Q

Which primate is a model of pelvic organ prolapse/human labor and delivery?

59
Q

Which squirrel monkey species is the best model of Plasmodium falciparum?

A

S. boliviensis

60
Q

Which primate is a model of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD)/other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

A

Saimiri

Squirrel monkey PrP (prion protein) gene sequence is 93.8% homologous to the human PrP sequence, which is associated with increased susceptibility

61
Q

Name subspecies of Macaca mulatta that is Indian and Chinese origin.

A

Indian-origin: M. m. mulatta
Chinese-origin: M. m. brevicauda

62
Q

How many chromosomes does Macaca have?

63
Q

Gestation length of Macaca mulatta vs Macaca fascucularis

A

Rhesus: 164 days
Cyno: 163.5 days

64
Q

Menstrual cycle length of macaque, baboon, AGM, and chimp?

A

Macaque: 28 days
AGM: 30-32 days
Baboon: 33 days
Chimp: 37 days

65
Q

Are rhesus and cyno macaques seasonal or non-seasonal?

A

Rhesus: seasonal
Cyno: nonseasonal

66
Q

Age of sexual maturity for rhesus and cynos.

A

Rhesus: females at 4.5 years old; males at 6.5 years old
Cynos: females at ~ 3.5 years old; males at 5.5 years old

67
Q

Which primate has infants that are born black in color and transition to gray after the first few months?

A

Macaca fascicularis

68
Q

What is the only CITES I macaque?

A

Macaca silenus (lion-tailed macaque)

69
Q

Which macaque is used in HIV research?

A

Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed)

70
Q

Which macaque is a model of male pattern baldness?

A

Macaca arctoides

Fun fact: infants born white

71
Q

Which macaque does not have a tail?

A

Macaca sylvanus (Barbary macaque)

Also: they have paternal care

72
Q

Which macaque is the snow macaque?

A

Japanese macaque aka Macaca fuscata

73
Q

Which macaque has no sex skin, develops NAFLD, and is highly susceptible to Kyasanur forest disease, caused by a tick-borne Flavivirus?

A

Bonnet macaque aka Macaca radiata

74
Q

Which NHPs require special attention and enrichment?

A

GRIPS
- Great Apes
- Restricted Activity
- Infants
- Psychos
- Singly-housed

75
Q

What temperature to house primates according to the Guide?

A

64-84F (same as dogs and cats)

76
Q

What to feed orphaned macaque infants?

A
  • Fed 5–10% dextrose in water q2h for the first 24 h followed by use of commercial formulas
  • During the first week, infants should be fed 20–30 ml per feeding every 2–3 h
77
Q

What is expiration for unstabilized and stabilized Vitamin C?

A

Unstabilized: 90 days
Stabilized: 180 days

78
Q

Why should biscuits be soaked in fruit juice instead of water?

A

because water deteriorates vitamin C

79
Q

Macaques should be fed ___% of body weight in commercial biscuits BID.

80
Q

What CITES category are baboons?

A

All CITES II

81
Q

Name different species of baboons

A
  • Olive baboon = Papio anubis
  • Yellow baboon = Papio cynocephalus)
  • Chacma baboons = Papio ursinus
  • Hamadryas baboons = Papio hamadryas (desert baboon; remainder are savannah)
82
Q

How are ischial callosities different between male and female baboons?

A
  • Females have a complete separation between the two ischial callosities
  • Males have fusion of the two sides below the anus
83
Q

What is social structure of savannah vs desert baboon?

A

Desert = hamadryas; 1-male social unit + females
Savannah = others; multi-male social unit + females

84
Q

When is sexual maturity in baboons?

A

females 4-5 years old; males 4-7 years old

85
Q

How long is gestation in macaques, baboons, AGM, and chimp?

A

Macaque: 164 days
AGM: 163-165 days
Baboon: 6 months (180 days)
Chimp: 7.5-8 months (227-235 days)

86
Q

When is ovulation and optimal mating in baboons?

A

Ovulation usually occurs 1–2 days before deturgescence;
Third day prior to deturgescence is the optimal day for mating

87
Q

How to diagnose pregnancy in baboons?

A
  • 15-18 days by chorionic gonadotropin in plasma/urine
  • 18-21 days U/S
  • 20-21 days palpation
88
Q

What type of placenta do baboons vs macaques have?

A

Baboons: single discoid placenta like humans.
Macaques: usually bidiscoid

89
Q

How to monitor ovarian cyclicity in baboons?

A
  1. monitoring menses
  2. cyclic changes in sex skin
  3. hormone determinations of blood, urine, or feces
90
Q

What are baboons a model for?

A
  • coronary heart and lung diseases, esp. Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
  • atherosclerosis, hypertension
  • osteopenia
  • Diabetes
  • genetics (96% similarity to humans)
  • stem cell therapies
  • Organ transplantation
  • reproduction
  • hepatitis C (Flavi)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus
  • vaccine for HIV (Similar immune system to humans
    Same IgG subclasses (1, 2, 3, 4) – good for vax development)
91
Q

Which primate has distinct blue scrotum and red penis?

A

Chlorocebus (AGM)

92
Q

How many chromosomes do AGM vs macaques vs baboons have?

A

Macaques/baboons: 42
AGM: 60

93
Q

Which primate has matrilineal dominance hierarchy?

A

African Green Monkey (Chlorocebus)

94
Q

What is use of AGM in research?

A

Vero cells (cell line derived from the kidney epithelial cells), Trypanosomiasis, vacces, HIV/AIDS, leishmania, Hypertension, neurologic disease, psychology/social behavior, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome

95
Q

Which primate is the best model of Hepatitis C?

A

Chimp (Pan troglodytes)

96
Q

When was the NIH moratorium on breeding NIH-owned or supported chimpanzees?

97
Q

What CITES appendix are Chimp (Pan troglodytes) and Bonobo (Pan paniscus)?

98
Q

What is chromosome number of chimp?

A

48 (1 extra chromosome compared to human - human chromosome 2 is fused version of 2 ancestral ape chromosomes)

99
Q

NIH-supported chimpanzees housing requirements.

A
  • Social groups of no less than 7
  • > 20 feet of vertical space
  • Maximum density of 250 ft2 per animal
100
Q

Most common mammalian prey of chimps.

A

red colobus monkey (Procolobus badius)

101
Q

AWA Amendment of 1985 established which center that has a database for NHP enrichment?

A

AWIC (Animal Welfare Information Center)

102
Q

For smaller NHPs what should pipes/enrichment items be made of?

A

Thermoneutral materials eg plastic (PVC)

103
Q

NWPs need relative humidity of at least __%

104
Q

NHPs are minimal ABSL-_

A

2 due to unique zoonotic risks

105
Q

ABSL to study Herpes B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1)

A

ABSL-4 in all species

106
Q

ABSL to study SIV in macaques

A

ABSL-2 (not aerosol, not fatal)

107
Q

ABSL to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

A

Mouse/guinea pig: ABSL-2
NHP: ABSL-3 (they cough)

108
Q

How long is CDC quarantine of NHPs?

109
Q

How many TB tests during CDC quarantine?

A

at least 3 tests at least 2 weeks apart

110
Q

Tuberculin test reaction grades

A

0 - no reaction
1 - bruise
2 - erythema
3 - minimum swelling
4 - drooping of eyelid
5 - necrosis

111
Q

For serodiagnostic testing, what would be first and second assays performed

A

First, high sensitivity (false positives): EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay), MFIA (Multiplexed Fluorometric Immunoassay)
Second, high specificity: Western Himmunoblot (WIB), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), PCR, hemagglutination inhibition

112
Q

How much blood volume can be collected every 2 weeks?

A

10-15% of total blood volume

113
Q

How is CSF different from cisterna magna vs lumbar?

A

Lumbar has higher total protein/albumin and IgG, lower glucose and potassium

114
Q

What is preferred site of bone marrow collection in NHP?

A

Iliac crest

115
Q

Where to place intraosseous catheter?

A

Small NHP eg owl monkey: trochanteric fossa of femur
Larger NHPS: proximal anterior tibia

116
Q

When are the following PHYSICAL restraint techniques appropriate? hand capture with gloves, restraint net, pole-and-collar, tether and vest

A

Hand capture with gloves if NHP smaller than female rhesus

Restraint nets for NHPs up to 3.5 kg

Pole-and-collar only with PRT

Tether and vest for monitoring, sampling, drug infusion. Takes 1 week to train.

117
Q

When are the following CHEMICAL restraint techniques appropriate? Pole syringes, hand injection, CO2-powered rifle, CO2-powered pistol, blowpipe

A

Pole syringes: up to 2m

Hand injection: with restraint cage

CO2-powered rifle: >20m

CO2-powered pistol: <20m

Blowpipe: <15m

118
Q

According to Animal Care Policy from USDA, when is it acceptable to reduce canine teeth?

A

As long as pulp not exposed.
Scientifically or medically necessary.

119
Q

Most frequent isolate of Shigella in NHPs

A

Shigella flexneri

120
Q

Non-enteric Shigellosis in macaques

A

Gingivitis, abortion, air sac infection, post-infective immune-mediated arthritis 3-4 weeks after

121
Q

What are clinical signs of marmosets with Shigella?

A

Lethargy, dehydration (no diarrhea)

122
Q

Gross pathology of Shigella in macaques

A

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis

123
Q

Which type of E. coli causes infant diarrhea? What toxins are produced?

A

EPEC; no toxins

Common marmosets and tamarins are also susceptible

Common type of E. coli in SIV-infected macaques

124
Q

What is the triad in Yersinia infection?

A
  1. Multifocal hepatic/splenic necrosis or abscess formation
  2. Mesenteric lymphadenopathy
  3. Ulcerative enterocolitis
125
Q

How to culture Yersinia

A

Cold enrichment

126
Q

Two tests used to identify Strep pneumoniae

A
  1. Quellung reaction (capsule swelling causing clearing when add antibodies)
  2. Optochin test (it’s susceptible –> see clearing around disk)
127
Q

What species are affected by Pasteurella multocida?

A

Squirrel and owl monkeys

Squirrel monkeys: unsteady gait, nystagmus, head tilt/circling; meningitis, Otitis media, lymphadenitis, myocarditis (EAR, LYMPH NODES, HEART)

Owl monkeys: pneumonia, pleuritis, meningitis (LUNG, BRAIN)

128
Q

What is the most common respiratory isolate in NHPs and what special stain can be used? How is it transmitted

A

Nocardia

Acid-fast

Cutaneous (can infect wounds), ingestion, aerosol

129
Q

Epistaxis in macaques caused by ___ and is associated with ___.

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

Low humidity

130
Q

Which NHP infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis closely mimics human disease?

131
Q

Causes of false positive and false negative for TB test.

A

FALSE NEGATIVES: Early OR advanced disease, Measles infection OR vaccination d/t immunosuppression, Isoniazid treatment (used for TB)

FALSE POSITIVES
Freuds complete adjuvant, Trauma of test, Atypical mycobacterium such as M. avium or M. kansasii, Nonspecific reactivity to the vehicle, Vaccination

132
Q

Ddx for cavitary lesions on thoracic radiographs in NHPs

A

Tb, Nocardia, Cryptococcus

133
Q

What is the most common disseminated bacterial infection in simian AIDS?

A

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

134
Q

What is transmission of Mycobacterium kansasii and M. gordonae?

A

Environmental; NO animal to animal transmission

135
Q

Pneumocystis species

A

P. carinii = rat
P. jirovecci = human
P. murina = mouse

136
Q

NHP with 1) white plaques in oral cavity and 2) onychomycosis (nail infection) with shortening, erosion, deformation of the nails. Primary differential?

A

Candidiasis

137
Q

Which fungus visualized with India ink?

A

Cryptococcus

138
Q

What is the scientific name of simian varicella virus and what disease does it cause?

A

Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9 (alpha); vesicular dermatitis in aberrant host (AGM, Patas, macaque) –> death in 48 hours; Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies

139
Q

What is the scientific name of macaque cytomegalovirus? What is hallmark on histo?

A

Macacine herpesvirus 3. Owl eyes (big cell, INIB)

140
Q

What is the scientific name of macaque lymphocryptovirus and what syndrome does it cause?

A

Rhesus LCV (Macacine herpes 4) + SIV = malignant B cell lymphomas + oral lesions resembling hairy leukoplakia (white patch on tongue from Epstein Barr virus)

141
Q

How to differentiate poxvirus from measles in macaques?

A

Measles - face, axilla, ventrum
Poxvirus - hands, feet

142
Q

What are hosts for Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus? What is vector?

A

Bonnet Macaque - Macaca radiata (MODEL), Langurs (Semnopithecus)

Ixodid tick

ACLAM Boards Prep (5 decks)

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