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DHHD1 > DNA transcription/translation > Flashcards

DNA transcription/translation Flashcards

1
Q

What is transcription catalyzed by?

A

RNA polymerase

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2
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

mostly in the nucleus

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

messenger, transfer, ribosomal

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4
Q

What does messenger RNA do?

A

template for translation (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

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5
Q

What does transfer rNA do?

A

reads genetic code in mRNA and transfers appropriate amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain during translation

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6
Q

What does ribosomal RNA do?

A

component of ribosome (cell machinery for translation)

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7
Q

What direction does transcription happen?

A

• read 5’ to 3’ direction (like DNA polymerase)

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8
Q

T/F: RNA poly requires a primer

A

• RNA polymerases do NOT require a primer (unlike DNA polymerase)

False

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9
Q

Adenine binds with ____ in RNA

A

• Uracil binds with adenine (instead of Thymine in DNA)

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10
Q

Transcription Begins at a ______

A

• Begins at a promoter

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11
Q

Name 2 inhibitors of transcription

A

• Actinomycin D, • Rifampin:

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12
Q

What does actinomycin D do?

A

inserts into double helical DNA and prevents movement of polymerase along template DNA; inhibits both prokaryotic and eukaryotic; used for chemo

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13
Q

What does rifampin do?

A

inhibits prokaryotic transcription by binding to prokaryotic RNA polymerase; used to treat TB

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14
Q

What do most eukaryotic DNA’s have on the 5’ end? 3’ end?

A

5’–>cap, 3’–>poly A tail

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15
Q

What does the 5” cap do?

A

protects mRNA from degradation by ribonucleases

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16
Q

What does the poly A tail do?

A

enhances translation process

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17
Q

sequences removed by splicing are

A

introns

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18
Q

sequences retained after splicing

A

exons

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19
Q

• Addition of 5’ cap, splicing, and poly(A) tail occur in the ____

A

nucleus

20
Q

What does reverse transcriptase do?

A

produces DNA from RNA

21
Q

cDNA synthesis commonly used to ____

A

clone cellular genes

22
Q

Codons are

A

a set of 3 nucleotides

23
Q

• Set of 3 nucleotides codes for a ____

A

amino acid

24
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (school starts in AUGust)

25
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

26
Q

codons read by tRNAs using _____, which are complementary to codons

A

anticodons

27
Q

What does it mean for the genetic code to be degenerate? how is this helpful?

A

the same amino acid can be encoded by more than 1 codon. minimizes deleterious effects of mutations!!!

28
Q

codes for the SAME amino acid: ____

A

silent mutation

29
Q

codes for a DIFFERENT amino acid: _____

A

missense mutation

30
Q

codes for a STOP codon and results in premature termination: _____

A

nonsense mutation

31
Q

nucleotide insertion or deletion changes the reading frame: _____

A

frameshift mutation

32
Q

T/F: Genetic code is universal

A

True

33
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

• Occurs on RIBOSOMES, consists of proteins and rRNAs

34
Q

• Starts from ___ encoding methionine and terminates at ___ codon

A

AUG, stop

35
Q

What inhibits translation?

A

antibiotics, toxins

36
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome consist of which subunits?

A

• Prokaryotic: 30s + 50s = 70s

37
Q

Eukaryotic ribosome consist of which subunits?

A

• Eukaryotic: 40s + 60s = 80s

38
Q

Where are ribosomes synthesized in eukaryotes?

A

i. Ribosomes synthesized in nucleolus and transported to cytoplasm

39
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

• Ribosomes and mRNAs meet in cytoplasm and this is where translation occurs!

40
Q

• __________ attach correct amino acids to their tRNAs

A

• Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases attach correct amino acids to their tRNAs

41
Q

T/F: ii. Each synthetase is specific to one amino acid and its corresponding tRNAs

A

True

42
Q

T/F: • Multiple ribosomes can bind a single mRNA at different points and perform translation

A

True

43
Q

What is a polysome?

A

• Polysome: complex of mRNA and multiple ribosomes (allows efficient use for protein synthesis)

44
Q

What are the antibiotics that inhibit prokaryotic ribosome?

A
  • Streptomycin
  • Tetracycline
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
45
Q

What does diphtheria toxin do?

A

inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis by inactivating translation factor (eEF2); toxin gene encoded by LYSOGENIC bacteriophage

DHHD1 (9 decks)

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