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A Level Biology > DNA, RNA and Proteinsynthesis (Topic 4A) > Flashcards

DNA, RNA and Proteinsynthesis (Topic 4A) Flashcards

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1
Q

name the type of bond between complementary base pairs in DNA

A

hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

name the type of bond between adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand

A

phosphodiester bonds

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3
Q

what shape is tRNA?

A

clover leaf shape

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4
Q

what shape is mRNA?

A

linear

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5
Q

does tRNA have hydrogen bonds?

A

yes

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6
Q

does mRNA have hydrogen bonds

A

no

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7
Q

does tRNA have an amino acid binding site?

A

yes

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8
Q

does mRNA have an amino acid binding site?

A

no

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9
Q

does tRNA or mRNA have an anticodon?

A

tRNA
(mRNA has an codon)

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10
Q

describe and explain the difference in the structure of mRNA and pre-mRNA

A

mRNA has fewer nucleotides because of its splicing

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11
Q

name the fixed position of a gene on a DNA molecule

A

locus

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12
Q

describe how a gene is a code for the production of a polypeptide (3 marks)

A
  1. because base sequence
  2. in triplets
  3. determine order of ammo acids in a polypeptide
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13
Q

how is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?

A

in chromosomes found in the nucleus

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14
Q

how is DNA stored in prokaryotic cells?

A

in supercoiled chromosome

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15
Q

a gene is…

A

a sequence of DNA bases that codes for a single polypeptide

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16
Q

each amino acid is coded for by…

A

a sequence of three bases, called a triplet or codon

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17
Q

the proteome is…

A

the full range of proteins a cell is able to produce

18
Q

introns are…

A

sections of DNA that don’t code for amino acids

19
Q

do introns affect the amino acid order?

A

no

20
Q

when are introns removed in eukaryotes?

A

proteinsynthesis

21
Q

all the bits of DNA that do code for amino acids are called…

A

exons

22
Q

an allele is…

A

all the different versions of the same gene

23
Q

alleles for the same characteristic can be found at the same fixed position on each chromosome which is called..

A

the locus

24
Q

proteinsynthesis is…

A

the production of proteins from the information contained in a cell’s DNA

25
Q

the 3 main stages of proteinsynthesis are….

A

transcription
splicing
translation

26
Q

transcription is when…

A

the DNA code is copied into mRNA

27
Q

translation is when…

A

the mRNA joins with a ribosome and the code it carries is used to synthesise a protein

28
Q

mRNA is a _____ polynucleotide strand

A

single

29
Q

when is mRNA made?

A

during transcription

30
Q

what does mRNA do?

A

carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes for translation

31
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribosomes in translation

32
Q

the 4 steps of transcription are…

A
  1. RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA
  2. complimentary mRNA is formed
  3. RNA polymerase moves down the DNA strand
  4. RNA polymerase reaches a stop signal
33
Q

after transcription what process occurs?

A

splicing

34
Q

what happens in splicing?

A

introns from pre-mRNA are removed and exons are joined together forming mRNA strands.

35
Q

where does translation occur?

A

in the cytoplasm on ribosomes

36
Q

what molecule is needed for translation to work?

A

a tRNA carrying an amino acid

37
Q

the 7 steps of translation are…

A
  1. mRNA attaches to ribosome
  2. tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon
  3. tRNA brings specific amino acid
  4. amino acids join via peptide bonds
  5. tRNA released
  6. ribosome moves along the mRNA producing polypeptide
  7. pre-mRNA is spliced to form mRNA
38
Q

the genetic code is…

A

the sequence of base triplets in mRNA which code for specific amino acids

39
Q

the genetic code is non-overlapping which means…

A

base triplets don’t share their bases

40
Q

the genetic code is degenerate this means…

A

there are more possible combinations of triplets than there are amino acids

41
Q

the genetic code is universal this means..

A

the same specific base triplets code for the same amino acid in all living things

A Level Biology (19 decks)

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