Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level Biology > All of Cells (Topic 2) > Flashcards

All of Cells (Topic 2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of the nucleus

A

contains genetic information and controls cells activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the mitochondria made up of

A

cristea and a matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of lysosomes

A

destroy any pathogens that come into the cell using lysozymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

provides large surface area for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

it synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is the smooth ER different to the rough ER

A

lacks ribosomes on its surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

function of the vacuole

A

supports plants of plants by making cells turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the vacuole contain

A

a solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and sometimes pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of the golgi apparatus

A

chemically modifies proteins and secretes them from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes

A

70S and 80S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are 80S ribosomes found

A

eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are 70S ribosomes found

A

prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of cell wall

A

provides mechanical strength and support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define cell differentiation

A

the process by which cells become specialised for different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is the root hair cell specialised for it’s function (4 marks)

A
  1. partially permeable membrane
  2. more concentrated in cell than out
  3. long projections - big SA
  4. thin permeable cell wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do root hair cells do

A

absorb water and minerals from the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does prokaryote mean

A

‘before the nucleus’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

do bacteria have a nucleus

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a bacterial capsule

A

slimey layer of polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does a bacterial capsule do

A

protects against phagocytosis and allows them to attach to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of the flagella on bacteria

A

enables movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

function of the plasma membrane in bacteria

A

controls movement of small molecules in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the plasma membrane made up of

A

thick lipid and protein layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

function of the cytoplasm in bacteria

A

synthesise proteins (contains 70S ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the DNA like in bacterial cells

A

nucleoid

plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are plasmids

A

circular pieces of DNA found in addition to nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a nucleoid

A

a tight folded mass of DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

are viruses living or non living

A

non living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

define a tissue

A

a tissue is a group of similar cells organised in a structural unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

name the 4 types of animal tissue

A

neural
muscle
connective
epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

name the 3 types of plant tissue

A

root
stem
leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define an organ

A

organs are groups of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define an organ system

A

groups of different organs that work together to perform a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

name some organ systems

A

circulatory
respiratory
digestive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is cell fractionation

A

the separation of different parts of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the two types of tumour

A

benign and malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the characteristics of a benign tumour

A

slow growing
doesn’t spread to other parts
not classed as cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the characteristics of a malignant tumour

A

fast growing
often spread
classed as cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

name the 5 risk factors for cancer

A

poor diet
smoking
obesity
lack of physical activity
sunlight
~~~

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

name the 3 cancer treatment methods

A

surgery
radiotherapy
chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

advantages of a transmission electron microscope

A

higher resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

describe binary fission in bacteria

A
  1. circular DNA replicates
  2. plasmids replicate
  3. division of cytoplasm to produce daughter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

mitotic index =

A

no. of cells with visible chromosomes/ total no. of cells observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

magnification=

A

size of image / size of real object

48
Q

the three steps to cell fractionation are…

A
  1. homogenisation
  2. filtration
  3. ultracentrifugation
49
Q

homogenisation is….

A

breaking up of cells

50
Q

what does filtration do?

A

get rid of big organelles

51
Q

ultracentrifugation is…

A

separating the organelles

52
Q

mitosis has __ division stages

A

4

53
Q

the 4 division stages in mitosis are

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
54
Q

in prophase…
(mitosis)

A

chromosomes condense
centrioles move to opposite poles
spindle fibres form
nuclear envelope breaks down

55
Q

before the division stages in mitosis ____ occurs

A

interphase

56
Q

interphase is when…

A

the DNA and organelles are replicated and the cells ATP increases

57
Q

in metaphase…
(metaphase)

A

chromosomes line up along middle of the cell and become attached to spindle fibres by their centromere

58
Q

in anaphase….
(mitosis)

A

centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids. spindles contact pulling chromatids to opposite poles

59
Q

in telophase…
(mitosis)

A

chromosomes have been produced
cytoplasm divides
producing two genetically identical daughter cells

60
Q

cancer is the result of…

A

uncontrolled cell division

61
Q

cell surface membranes are partially…

A

permeable

62
Q

cell membranes have a ‘____ _____’ structure

A

fluid mosaic

63
Q

in the fluid mosaic model phospholipid molecules form a…

A

bilayer

64
Q

in the fluid mosaic model what types of proteins are scattered in the bilayer

A

channel proteins
carrier proteins
receptor proteins

65
Q

in the fluid mosaic model what do the channel and carrier proteins do

A

allow large molecules and ions to pass through the membrane

66
Q

in the fluid mosaic model what do the receptor proteins do

A

allow the cell to detect chemicals released from other cells

67
Q

in the phospholipid bilayer, phospholipid head point…..
and phospholipid tails point….

A

out
in

68
Q

the head of a phospholipid molecule is…..so attracts…..

A

hydrophilic
water

69
Q

the tail of a phospholipid molecule is…..so repels….

A

hydrophobic
water

70
Q

cholesterol gives the membrane…

A

stability

71
Q

diffusion is…

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

72
Q

facilitated diffusion is…

A

when carrier proteins or channel proteins help diffusion occur

73
Q

simple diffusion is affected by…

A
  1. concentration gradient
  2. thickness of exchange surface
  3. the surface area
74
Q

facilitated diffusion is affected by…

A
  1. concentration gradient
  2. the number of channel or carrier proteins
75
Q

osmosis is….

A

the diffusion of water molecules across partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential to low water potential

76
Q

rate of osmosis depends on….

A
  1. the water potential gradient
  2. thickness of exchange surface
  3. surface area of exchange surface
77
Q

active transport needs…

A

energy

78
Q

active transport moves ions from…

A

low to high concentration

79
Q

does facilitated diffusion use energy?

A

no

80
Q

co transporters are a type of…
that bind to..

A

carrier protein
two molecules at a time

81
Q

the factors that affect active transport are…

A
  1. the speed of each carrier protein
  2. the no. of carrier proteins present
  3. the rate of respiration
82
Q

glucose is absorbed via….
in the….

A

co transport
mammlian ileum

83
Q

antigens are…

A

proteins on the surface of cells that generate an immune response

84
Q

the 4 stages of the immune response are….

A
  1. phagocytes engulf pathogens
  2. phagocytes activate T cells
  3. T cells activate B cells
  4. which divide into plasma cells
85
Q

the cellular response involves…

A

T cells and other immune system cells that they interact with

86
Q

pathogens are…

A

organisms that cause disease

87
Q

the humoral response involves…

A

the B cells,
clonal selection
production of monoclonal antibodies

88
Q

what happens in phagocytosis…
4 steps

A
  1. phagocyte recognises the foreign antigens
  2. phagocyte engulfs pathogen so its contained in a phagocytic vacuole
  3. a lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole and lysozymes breaks down the pathogen
  4. phagocyte presents the pathogens antigens
89
Q

what do helper T cells do?

A

activate and stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic T cells

90
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill abnormal and foreign cells and activates B cells

91
Q

what do B cells do?

A

their antibody binds to a complementary antigen and activates the B cell which divide into plasma cells

92
Q

what is the primary response?

A

when an antibody enters the body for the first time and is slow

93
Q

what is secondary response?

A

when the pathogen enters the body a seconds time and the response is faster

94
Q

the two types of immunity?

A

natural
artificial

95
Q

what are the two types of passive immunity?
and describe them?

A

natural - when a baby gets its immunity from their mother
artificial - when you become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else

96
Q

what are the two types of active immunity?
and describe them

A

natural - when you become immune after catching the disease
artificial - immunity from a vaccination

97
Q

how do vaccines work?

A

contain dead or weak pathogen whose antigens cause an immune response so memory cells are created for future infections

98
Q

ethical issues of vaccines include…

A
  • animal testing
  • testing them on humans can be risky
99
Q

herd immunity is…

A

when most people in a population are vaccinated meaning that people are less likely to catch the disease

100
Q

antigenic variation is…

A

when pathogens change their surface antigen due to changes in its genes

101
Q

monocolonal antibodies are…

A

antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B cells

102
Q

you can make monoclonal antibodies bind to…

A

anything you want

103
Q

in the ELISA test a monoclonal antibody is used that has an ____ attached

this reacts with a _______ to produce a _______ product

causing the _______ vessel to ______ colour

A

enzyme
substrate
coloured
reaction
change

104
Q

in the ELISA test if there is a colour change in the vessel the antigen or antibody being tested….

A

is present

105
Q

direct ELISA uses….

A

a single antibody that is complementary to the antigen you are testing for

106
Q

indirect ELISA uses…

A

two different antibodies

107
Q

ethical issues with monoclonal antibodies include…

A

animal rights

108
Q

HIV is a virus that affects…
it eventually develops into…

A

the immune system
AIDS

109
Q

describe the structure of HIV

A
  1. spherical
  2. core containing RNA and proteins
  3. outer coating of capsid
  4. extra outer layer called envelope
  5. attachment proteins sticking out
110
Q

why doesn’t 100% of the population need to be vaccinated to stop the spread of a disease (2 marks)

A
  1. more people are immune to the disease so
  2. unvaccinated people are less likely to come into contact with infected people
111
Q

describe the process of HIV replication

6 marks

A
  1. attachment protein of HIV virus binds to a receptor molecule
  2. capsid containing RNA is released to T cells
  3. reverse transcriptase enzyme converts single stranded viral RNA to double stranded viral RNA
  4. RNA combines with T cell’s DNA in the nucleus
  5. the host cell’s enzymes are used to make viral proteins
  6. the viral proteins are assembled into new viruses
112
Q

antibiotics kill bacteria by….

A

interfering with their metabolic reactions

113
Q

why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

A

viruses use host enzymes and ribosomes so can’t be targeted by antibiotics

114
Q

describe how b-lymphocytes respond when they are stimulated by antigens (4 marks)

A
  1. divide by mitosis
  2. produce plasma cells
  3. these plasma cells make antibodies
  4. and memory cells
115
Q

when a pathogen is destroyed by phagocytosis what happens (6steps)

A
  1. phagocyte recognises foreign antigen
  2. pathogen engulfed
  3. and enclosed in vesicle
  4. vacuole joins with lysosome
  5. lysosomes contain enzymes
  6. pathogen digested

A Level Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions