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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > DNA + REPLICATION > Flashcards

DNA + REPLICATION Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond? (1)

A

the covalent bond between two nucleotides.

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2
Q

what are the pyrimidines of RNA? (2)

A

-cytosine
-uracil

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3
Q

what are the purines? (2)

A

-adenine
-guanine

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4
Q

what is the structure of a purine? (1)

A

double ringed

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5
Q

what is a nucleotide? (1)

A

the monomer from which nucleic acids are formed.

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6
Q

what is the structure of a pyrimidine? (1)

A

single ringed.

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7
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases? (2)

A

-purine
-pyrimidine

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8
Q

what pentose sugar is found in DNA? (1)

A

deoxyribose

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9
Q

what pentose sugar is found in RNA? (1)

A

ribose

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10
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of? (3)

A

-nitrogenous bases
-pentose sugar
-a phosphoric acid

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11
Q

what are the pyrimidines in DNA? (2)

A

-cytosine
-thymine

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12
Q

what is semi-conservative replication? (2)

A

the process by which two copies of a DNA molecule are made and in which both ‘parent’ strands remain intact and act as templates for the formation of new complementary strands.

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13
Q

what bases fit together? (2)

A

-cytosine and guanine
-adenine and thymine (uracil)

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14
Q

why is complementary base pairing important? (3)

A

-the stability of the double helix (hydrogen bonds are strong when there are many of them)
-the way in which genetic information can be transferred from DNA to RNA (mRNA)
-the way amino acids are assembled into polypeptides in the cytoplasm.

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15
Q

what is the 1st stage of DNA replication? (1)

A

DNA molecule unwinds and unzips (by DNA helicase) when the hydrogen bonds break. the bases on both strands are exposed.

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16
Q

what is the 2nd stage of DNA replication? (1)

A

single strands act as templates for the new strands with complimentary sequence of nucleotide bases.

17
Q

what is the 3rd stage of DNA replication? (1)

A

free nucleotides with complimentary bases slot into place, line up, and are held in place by hydrogen bonds (DNA ligase)

18
Q

what is the 4th stage of DNA replication? (1)

A

sugar-phosphate ‘back bone’ is formed by condensation reactions.

19
Q

what is the 5th stage of DNA replication? (1)

A

replicated (daughter) DNA molecules each rewind into a double helix.

20
Q

what is the shape of a DNA molecule? (2)

A

-double stranded, double helix which are held together by hydrogen bonds.

21
Q

what does rRNA stand for? (1)

A

ribosomal RNA

22
Q

what is DNA polymerase? (1)

A

the enzyme that catalyses the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides.

23
Q

what is meant by complementary base pairing? (1)

A

a key feature of DNA molecules is which two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases adenine and thymine or the bases cytosine and guanine.

24
Q

what does mRNA stand for? (1)

A

messenger RNA

25
Q

what are the three functional types of RNA? (3)

A

-mRNA
-tRNA
-rRNA

26
Q

What reaction occur when two nucleotides join? (1)

A

A condensation reaction

27
Q

what is meant by the genetic code being universal? (1)

A

the genetic code is not specific to anyone organism or even to a larger group.

28
Q

what does RNA stand for? (1)

A

ribo nucleic acid

29
Q

what does DNA stand for? (1)

A

deoxyribo nucleic acid

30
Q

what are the types of nucleic acid? (2)

A

DNA and RNA

31
Q

what does tRNA stand for? (1)

A

transfer RNA

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (39 decks)

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