CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
What are carbohydrates made up of? (5)
Are made up of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon.
Some also contain phosphorus and nitrogen.
What are monosaccharides? (5)
Are known as simple sugars and are the following:
Hexose sugars:
-glucose
-galactose
-Fructose
But can also be pentose sugars:
-ribose
-deoxyribose
What are disaccharides?
Are known as simple sugars and are the following:
-sucrose
-lactose
-maltose
What monosaccharides make up the disaccharide sucrose? (2)
Glucose and fructose.
What monosaccharides make up the disaccharide lactose? (2)
Glucose and galactose.
What monosaccharides make up the disaccharide maltose? (2)
Glucose and another glucose.
What are polysaccharides?
Are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides.
What are the polysaccharides? (3)
-starch
-glycogen
-cellulose
Where is starch found?(1)
Is a fuel store in plants and animals
What is the function of glycogen? (1)
A fuel store in animals.
What is the function of cellulose? (1)
Is a major component of plant cel walls.
What is the formula for glucose?(1)
C6H1206
What are isomers? (1)
Tow or more different structural formulae of the same molecular formula.
What are the isomers of glucose? (2)
A-glucose and b-glucose.
What is a polysaccharide known as?(1)
A complex carbohydrate.
What is OH known as in biology? (1)
A hydroxyl group.
What is meant by a hexose sugar?(1)
It has 6 carbons in its structure.
How does fructose differentiate from glucose? (1)
It has 5 sides in its structural ring but still has 6 carbons.
What are the properties of fructose? (3)
Is known as a fruit sugar, is soluble and is the main sugar in fruits and nectar.
How does galactose differentiate from glucose? (1)
On its C-6 it has the hydroxyl group flipped by 180 degrees.
What is the function of galactose? (2)
Important in the production of glycolipids and glycoproteins
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?(1)
Deoxyribose,on its C-2 has no oxygen bonded with the hydrogen like on ribose.
What is the reverse of a condensation reaction? (1)
A hydrolysis reaction.
What is starch made of? (2)
Two polysaccharides which are amylose and amylopectin which are bonded together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
What is the structure of amylose?(1)
Forms a helical coiled structure
What are the properties of amylose? (2)
Is insoluble
Is compact because of coils.
What is the function of amylose? (1)
Stored in starch grains in animal cells.
What is the structure of amylopectin? (2)
Contains many 1-4 glycosidic bonds but also contain 1-6 glycosidic bonds because it branches out
What are the properties of amylopectin?(3)
Is insoluble,compact-able but not as much as amylase and can be broken down quickly because of branches.
What do animals store for energy?(1)
Do not store carbohydrates but as glycogen, which has a similar structure as amylopectin but has more branches.
Where is glycogen stored? (2)
Liver and muscle cells.
What is the structure of cellulose?(2)
Contains some glycosidic bonds but because in order to make a glycosidic bond two hydroxyl groups must be next to each other, every other glucose molecule is flipped upside down to form a beta (1-4) glycosidic bond.
What is the function of cellulose? (2)
Prevents plant cells from bursting an gives it shape.
What is lactose known as?(1)
A milk sugar.
What is sucrose known as?(1)
Table sugar
What is
What is maltose known as? (1)
Malt sugar
