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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > CLASSIFICATION > Flashcards

CLASSIFICATION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What kingdom is under the bacteria domain? (1)

A

Eubacteria

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2
Q

what is the phylogenetic species concept? (1)

A

defines a species by its evolutionary lineage where two lines diverge sufficiently they are called separate species.

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3
Q

what kingdom is under the archea domain? (1)

A

archae bacteria

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4
Q

who proposed the three domain model? (1)

A

Carl Woese in 1990 who suggested a classification system based on RNA.

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5
Q

what kingdom are under the Eukarya domain? (4)

A

-protista
-plantae
-fungi
-animalia

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6
Q

what is a disadvantage for the biological species concept? (2)

A

-does not take into account geographical separation
-only applies to organisms that reproduce sexually

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7
Q

what is the biological species concept? (2)

A

the concept is the most common definition of species. it defines a species as a set of individuals who can reproduce to produce a fertile offspring.

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8
Q

what is a disadvantage of the phylogenetic species concept? (1)

A

deciding what constitutes sufficient divergence can be a problem.

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9
Q

what is the three domain model? (1)

A

separates prokaryotes from the archea domain, e.g eukaryotes, archea and prokaryotes (bacteria)

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10
Q

what are the key differences in structure in the 3 domains? (3)

A

eukarya;
-ribosome: 80s
enzymes: RNA - 12 proteins

bacteria;
-ribsome: 70s
enzymes: RNA - 5 proteins

archea:
-ribosome: 70s
enzymes: RNA - 8-12 proteins

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11
Q

what are some characteristics of the fungal kingdom? (5)

A

-has a cell wall made of chitin
-are heterotrophic
-most are multicellular (yeast exception)
-reproduce via sporation
-have structures called mycellium

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12
Q

what are some characteristics of the protozoa kingdom? (4)

A

-mainly single celled or a few cells (cells are not specialised)
-resemble other kingdoms
-protophya resemble plants
-protoza resemble animals

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13
Q

what are some characteristics of the animal kingdom? (4)

A

-sexual reproduction
-animal cells (dont have a cell wall)
-are motile (except animals such as coral)
-are multicellular heterotrophs

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14
Q

what is the protozoa kingdom? (1)

A

a group of eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into other kingdoms

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15
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms? (5)

A

-plants
-animals
-fungi
-protozoa
-prokaryotes

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16
Q

what is the taxonomic hierarchy? (7)

A

1) domain
2) kingdom
3) phylum
4) class
5) family
6) genus
7) species

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17
Q

what is a eukaryote? (1)

A

has a membrane bound nucleus (true nucleus)

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18
Q

what are the characteristic of the plant kingdom? (4)

A

-non motile
-made up of plant cells (have cellulose cell wall)
-they are autotrophs
-mostly multi-cellular - except plants like moss

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19
Q

what is meant by domain? (1)

A

the type of cell that organisms are made up of, eukaryotic or prokaryotic

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20
Q

what is the binomial name? (1)

A

the genus and the species of an organism combined

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21
Q

what does taxonomy mean? (1)

A

is a form of classification that focuses on physical similarities between different species, for ease of naming and identification.

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22
Q

what does classification mean? (1)

A

the arrangement of organisms into groups or various sizes on the basis of shared features.

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23
Q

what does phylogeny mean? (1)

A

the classification of organisms by the evolutionary relationship, so that every group shares a common ancestor.

24
Q

what is an autotroph? (1)

A

an organism that makes its own food (using energy through the sun)

25
Q

how do scientists check validity of their results? (3)

A

scientific journals
peer review
conferences

26
Q

what is meant by validity? (1)

A

is about the design of the investigation, controlling variables effectively and being confident that it is the independent variable that is shown to be affecting the dependent variable.

27
Q

what does the degree of similarity depend on, in DNA hybridisation? (3)

A

the degree of similarity of samples of DNA from two organisms is disclosed by measuring the temperature are which they separate.
-the more distantly related, the fewer bonds between base pairing
-a lower temperature is then required to separate them.

28
Q

what is the 1st stage of DNA sequencing? (1)

A

the DNA molecule is cut into pieces at very specific points by enzymes.

29
Q

what is the 2nd stage of DNA sequencing? (1)

A

the pieces of DNA are chemically modified and tagged with florescent dyes, which give a different colour for each base.

30
Q

what is the 3rd stage of DNA sequencing? (1)

A

these pieces of DNA are then separated by electrophoresis and the bases recognised by the colour of their florescence.

31
Q

what is the 4th stage of DNA sequencing? (1)

A

when the sequence of these pieces of DNA are recorded they are then linked together to make up the base sequence of the whole DNA molecule.

32
Q

what does the development in the new discipline of bioinformatics exploit? (1)

A

the fact that organisms that are closely related show fewer differences in the composition of specific acids that they possess.

33
Q

what occurs in electrophoresis of DNA molecules? (2)

A

in DNA, phosphate groups in DNA fragments give them a net negative charge. consequently when DNA molecule are placed in an electric field they migrate towards the positive pole.

34
Q

what is DNA hybridisation? (1)

A

a technique that involves matching the DNA of different species to discover how closely related they are.

35
Q

what must be added to make DNA fragments visible on the gel? (1)

A

a DNA-binding fluorescent dye

36
Q

why is electrophoresis carried out on agarose gel? (2)

A

these substances contain tiny pores which allow them to act like a molecular sieve small particles can move through these gels quite easily.

37
Q

what is DNA sequencing? (1)

A

the process of determining the exact order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

38
Q

what are analogous structures? (1)

A

these resemble each other in function but differ in their fundamental structure.
e.g the wings of bats and birds.

39
Q

define a species. (1)

A

a group of living organisms with similar characteristics that interbreed to produce a fertile offspring

40
Q

how is the relatedness of organisms studied experimentally? (2)

A

-by DNA hybridisation
-by application of developments in the new discipline of bioinformatics

41
Q

what is bioinformatics? (1)

A

he storage, manipulation and analysis of biological information via computer science.

42
Q

how can DNA be extracted from a tissue sample? (1)

A

by mechanically breaking up the cells, filtering off the debris and breaking down cell membranes by treatment with detergents.

43
Q

what is electrophoresis? (1)

A

a technique of separating charged ions in a flid by applying a potential difference.

44
Q

how is DNA ‘cut up’? (1)

A

by addition of restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes)

45
Q

what is an important feature of restriction enzymes? (2)

A

they cut at particular base sequences, there are 2 types, forming either ‘blunt ends’ or ‘sticky ends’ to the cute fragments.

46
Q

what are homologous structures? (1)

A

these are structures built to a common plan but adapted for different purposes
e.g the wings of a bird and the arm of a human

47
Q

what are the main characteristics used to define a species? (3)

A

-morphology and anatomy (internal and external structures)
-cell structure (eukaryote or prokaryote)
-physiology (blood composition and renal function) and chemical composition (nucleic acids and proteins)

48
Q

what organisms are in the Protoctista kingdom? (3)

A

-eukaryotes
-predominately unicellular
-seen as resembling the ancestors of the fungi, plants and animals

49
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms? (5)

A

-prokaryotate
-protoctista
-fungi
-plantae
-animalia

50
Q

what organisms are in the prokaryotae kingdom? (3)

A

-bacteria
-cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)
-predominately unicellular organisms

51
Q

what is phylogeny? (1)

A

the evolutionary development and history of a species or other groups of organisms

52
Q

what are the 3 domains? (3)

A

-archea
-eubacteria
-eukartyota

53
Q

what organisms are in the animalia kingdom? (3)

A

-eukaryotes
-multicellular organisms
-motile with heterotopic nutrition

54
Q

what organisms are in the plantae kingdom? (3)

A

-eukaryotes
-multicellular organisms
-non motile with autotrophic nutrition

55
Q

what organisms are in the fungi kingdom? (3)

A

-eukaryotes
-predominately multicellular organisms
-non motile with histotrophic nutrition

56
Q

what are the different types of extremophiles? (5)

A

-halophiles
-alkalinophiles
-acidophiles
-thermophiles
bacteria that thrive in sub zero

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (49 decks)

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