DNA and RNA structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Stores genetic information

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2
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

Carries genetic information from the DNA to ribosomes

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3
Q

Ribosome

A

Formed from rRNA and proteins

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4
Q

DNA & RNA

A

Polymers

Chains of nucleotides called polynucleotides

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5
Q

Nucleotide parts

A

Phosphate, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar

Ester bond between phosphate and pentose

Glycosidic bond between base and pentose

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6
Q

Components of DNA nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar
Phosphate
Organic group - ATCG

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7
Q

Components of RNA nucleotide

A

Ribose
Phosphate
Organic group - AUCG

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8
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA nucleotide

A

DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose

DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil

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9
Q

2 nucleotides

A

Link together by a condensation reactions with a phosphodiester bond linking them

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10
Q

Many nucleotides

A

Link together by many condensation reactions with many phosphodiester bonds liking them in a sugar-phosphate backbone.

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11
Q

DNA molecule

A

Double helix with 2 polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs

Anti-parallel

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12
Q

Triplet

A

Sequence of 3 bases in the DNA

Each triplet codes for a particular amino acid

Any changes to the triplet (gene mutations) can lead to different amino acids appearing in the polypeptide chain and can result in non-functional proteins/enzymes

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13
Q

Structure of RNA

A

Short polypeptide chain

Single-stranded

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14
Q

rRNA

A

Found in a ribosome along with protein

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15
Q

mRNA produced

A

Produced by transcription in the nucleus and then moves to the cytoplasm where it takes part in translation

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16
Q

tRNA

A

Involved in the process of translation

17
Q

Structure of mRNA

A

Copy of a single gene in the DNA - has complementary bases and is single-stranded, straight chain

Relatively unstable molecule as it has no hydrogen bonds in its structure

18
Q

Why is the actual number of amino acids likely to be less

A

Introns (non-coding) & stop codons

19
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 bases in the mRNA

20
Q

Role of mRNA in protein synthesis

A

Copy of genetic info in DNA of 1 gene so is small enough to pass through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm

21
Q

Structure of tRNA

A

Single stranded but they coil up to a clover-leaf shape that is held together by hydrogen bonds, making it more stable

2 important regions - amino acid binding site that picks up specific amino acids and an anticodon at other end that is complementary to codon

22
Q

Relationship between codons and anticodons

A

Complementary

23
Q

Relationship between anticodons and triplets

A

Same except DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil

24
Q

Bond between amino acids

25
TRNA involved
In process of translation Carry particular amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the growing peptide chain
26
Explain how tRNAs are specific to particular amino acid
Matches with anticodons
27
DNA summary
Deoxyribose sugar, ATCG, 2 strands V long, hydrogen bonds, double-helix Triplets, v stable lifespan, site of action is nucleus
28
mRNA summary
Ribose sugar, AUCG, 1 strand V short, no hydrogen bonds, single-stranded Codon, v unstable lifespan, site of action is nucleus & cytoplasm
29
tRNA summary
Ribosome sugar, AUCG, 1 strand, v short Hydrogen bonds, clover-leaf shape, anticodon Some stability in lifespan, site of action is cytoplasm