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Biology > DNA and RNA > Flashcards

DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

people involved with semi conservative dna replication

A

meselson and stahl

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2
Q

what is semi conservative dna replication

A

(copying process of dna) half old dna half new dna for each cell

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3
Q

cell cycle

A

g1-s-g2-m

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4
Q

what is the arrangement of the two polynucleotides in dna

A

antiparallel

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5
Q

what is the direction of synthesis

A

5-3

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6
Q

what is helicase

A

unzips helix (unwinds dna) and breaks hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

DNA polymerase discoverer

A

kornberg, won nobel prize

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8
Q

describe dna polymerase

A

(copies the dna): binds and adds complementary nucleotide & repeats (making the strand on opp side) it follow helicase

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9
Q

what are okazaki fragments

A

a gap on the lagging strand without a phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

what does ligase do

A

(seals fragments on the lagging strand) creates phosphodiester bind between okazaki fragments

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11
Q

what happens in g1

A

growing and regular functions

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12
Q

what happens in s of interphase

A

synthesis, where the replication takes place. 46 to 92 chromosomes

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13
Q

what happens in g2

A

growth phase, preparing to divide

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14
Q

what are DNA repair proteins

A

fix mutations in the strand and chops of mutated strand to allow dna polymerase to come and fix it

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15
Q

what is apoptosis

A

“cell suicide” if dna is damaged, will pick up signal and programs cell death

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16
Q

where does apoptosis take place

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

mutation

A

permanent change that passes repair and apoptosis

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18
Q

what are most mutations caused by

A

random copying mistakes

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19
Q

3 other causes of mutations

A

radiation, chemicals, infectious agents

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20
Q

how do cells deal with copying mistakes during replication

A

dna repair, apoptosis

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21
Q

benefits of not having a perfect dna replication system

A

evolution and variety; adaptation

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22
Q

normal use of apoptosis in the body

A

shape of organs

23
Q

if no apoptosis, example of something that could happen

A

auto-immune disease, brain growing out of head, tumor

24
Q

what organelle does transcription take place in

A

nucleus

25
Q

what does rna polymerase do

A

copies dna to rna (c-g g-c a-u t-a)

26
Q

who was involved with transcription

A

crick

27
Q

difference of dna and rna polymerase

A

rna polymerase doesnt need helicase, unwinds by itself

28
Q

mRNA

A

(messenger rna) once transcription is complete; carrier of the message to make a protein

29
Q

what does rna splicing do

A

cuts of introns from extrons

30
Q

introns

A

non-coding regions of a gene

31
Q

exons

A

)coding regions of a gene)-code for protein

32
Q

codon

A

mRNA that has been spliced- all exons, no introns

33
Q

where do codons go/stay

A

leaves nucleus, goes to ribosome

34
Q

translation

A

translating the codon into protein

35
Q

tRNA/anticodon

A

carries amino acids to the codon& hydrogen bonds 3 bases

36
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal rna, made of rna and protein

37
Q

large subunit of rRNA

A

50s, binds amino acids to form a protein

38
Q

small subunit of rRNA

A

30s; coordinates bonding between codon and anticodon

39
Q

where does translation take place

A

ribosome

40
Q

what enzyme is involved in transcription

A

rna polymerase

41
Q

the dna code for an amino acid consists of a sequence of

A

3 nitrogen bases taken from 4 possible bases

42
Q

what makes types of tumors different

A

the mutations

43
Q

benign

A

not invading or damaging surrounding tissue

44
Q

malignant

A

locally invasive- only invades and damages surrounding tissue

45
Q

metastatic

A

travels to other parts of the body (lymphatic vessel to blood stream)

46
Q

oncogenes

A

normally stimulate growth- needed to grow and live by ALL and they tell cells to divide

47
Q

suppressor genes

A

normally inhibit/stop growth

48
Q

repair genes

A

normally limit mutations, produce proteins that repair DNA

49
Q

p53

A

is a DNA repair protein and is mutated in almost every type of cancer

50
Q

p53 mechanism of action

A

binds to specific section of introns, grabs RNA polymerase

51
Q

p53 genes it affects

A

controls the expression of 2- cant stop a cell from dividing or cant go into apoptosis

52
Q

WAF

A

cellular break

53
Q

PUMA

A

apoptosis gene

Biology (19 decks)

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