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BIOS 100 with Muller > DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

How to viruses work?

A
  1. ) The virus capsid injects virus genes into the cell.
  2. ) The production of new virus particles is directed by virus genes
  3. ) Once the viral DNA has directed the production of new virus genes, new virus genes loaded into capsids burst from the other cell to infect new cells
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2
Q

How do viruses spread?

A

By injecting DNA into cells, the machinery of the cell is then co-opted for the production of the virus.

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3
Q

What is a capsid?

A

It is a protein coat of a virus

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4
Q

What did Hershey and Chase want to determine?

A

They new that the T2 virus was made of DNA and protein. They also knew that something entered the host cell and directed the production of new viruses, but they didn’t know if it was the protein of the DNA.

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5
Q

Explain Hershey and Chase’s experiment?

A

Knowing that DNA has phosphorus but not sulfur and protein has sulfur but no phosphorous, they took bacteriophages and separated them out into two groups. One group had radioactive phosphorus attached; the other group had radioactive sulfur attached.

If DNA were the molecule of heredity, one would expect to find radioactivity in the cells even after the phages were shaken off for the group that had P made radioactive.

If proteins were the molecule of heredity than one could expect the opposite.

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6
Q

What did Meselson and Stahl show?

A

The DNA replication is semi-conservative

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7
Q

To what end of DNA are nucleotides added?

A

The 3 prime end

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8
Q

Is DNA explication endergonic or exergonic?

A

It is exergonic because the monomer that are used in NDA synthesis are deoxyribonucleoside triosphates (dNTP). (The N stands in place of adenine, timing, guanine and cytosine).

The high potential energy of the (dNTP) bonds are sufficient for the formation of phosphodiester bonds be sugar molecules of the DNA. The energy comes from he cleaving off of two phosphates.

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9
Q

What is DNA helicase?

A

It breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs to open DNA strands for replication

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10
Q

What are single stand DNA-binding proteins (SSBPs)

A

These proteins attach to strands to prevent them from snapping back together into a double helix

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11
Q

What is topoisomerase?

A

In order to avoid the DNA strand becoming twisted too tightly when it is being unwound by helices, an enzyme called topoiserase cuts DNA further back, allows it to unwind and rejoins it ahead of advancing to the replication fork. The bond it breaks if covalent,

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12
Q

What is polymerase?

A

It copies DNA.

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13
Q

What is primase?

A

Catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primer

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14
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do on the leading strand?

A

It extends the leading strand

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15
Q

What is the sliding camp?

A

It holds DNA polymerase in place during strand extension

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16
Q

What does primes do on lagging strands of DNA?

A

It catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primer on the okazaki fragments

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17
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do on the lagging strand?

A

It extents the Okazaki fragment

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18
Q

What does DNA polymerase I do on the lagging stand?

A

removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

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19
Q

What does DNA ligase do on the lagging strand?

A

catalyses the joining of Okazaki fragments into continuous stands

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20
Q

What is telomerase?

A

an enzyme that extend telomeres

21
Q

Which is more important DNA polymerase I or III

A

DNA polymerase III because it actually add nucleotides. DNA polymerase I only removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA on the lagging strand.

22
Q

To test for radioactivity in DNA Hershey and Chase made what element radioactive

A

32P as there is phosphorous in DNA not protein

23
Q

To test for radioactivity in the protein Hershey and Chase made element radioactive?

A

35S as there is Sulfur in protein not DNA

24
Q

Is telomerase present in prokaryotes?

A

No

25
Q

How does topoisomerase remove supercoils?

A

It breaks phophosdiester bonds and allows DNA to spin and release stored potential energy.

26
Q

What is the difference in replication origins between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have many replication origins. Prokaryotes only have one

27
Q

Is ligase more active in the leading strand or lagging strand?

A

The lagging strand because it joins the Okazaki fragments together

28
Q

Where does telomerase lengthen the DNA strand?

A

It increases the length of the original strand at the 3’ end

29
Q

Why strand of DNA will be slightly short after replication?

A

The new 5’ end will be a bit shorter because that is where at the end of replication there is unstable primer left over that doesn’t allow for replication to occur there.

30
Q

Does the leading strand elongate away from or toward the replication fork?

A

The leading strand elongates toward the replication fork.

31
Q

Does the lagging strand elongate away from or toward the replication fork?

A

Toward the replication fork.

32
Q

How many primers are needed for the leading strand?

A

One

33
Q

How many primers are needed for the lagging strand?

A

Multiple

34
Q

What starts DNA replication?

A

RNA primers

35
Q

What is primase?

A

It is a stretch of RNA polymerase about 10 nucleotides long that acts as a primer of DNA polymerase

36
Q

Describe the synthesis of the leading strand?

A

After RNA primer is in place, the DNA polymerase moves along, adding deoxyribonucletides to the 3’ end of that strand. This moves into the replication fork, which unzips ahead of it.

37
Q

Does the leading strand or the lagging strand end up short?

A

It is the 5’ end of the lagging strand that ends up short because the very end of the strand could not be included in the okazki fragment because that is where the RNA polymerase that initiated polymerization was. An enzyme that degrade ribonucleotides removes the primer. W/o telomerase 50-100 deoxyribonucleotides every replication.

38
Q

What cells have telomerase?

A

It is found in cells that produce gametes and in cancer cells.

39
Q

What does the shortening of telomere do?

A

It ages people and limits the number of times a cell den divide

40
Q

What does telomerase do?

A

It adds short repeated sequence to the template strand. By doing this, it makes the sections that are missing from the lagging strand meaningless.

41
Q

Why are linear chromosomes shortened during replication?

A

Because the end of the lagging strand lack a primer and cannot be synthesized.

42
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

When there is a change in that doesn’t change the amino acid specified by the codon. Usually no change in fitness. No change in phenotype

43
Q

What is missense (replacement) mutation?

A

When a change in the nucleotide changes the amino acid. This causes a change in the the primary structure of the protein, which can be beneficial, neutral or deleterious.

44
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A change in the nucleotide that results in an early stop codon. This results in a truncated polypeptide. This is typically a deleterious mutation.

45
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

The addition or deletion of a nucleotide. Changes all of the succeeding codons. In a sense it is a massive missense. Usually deleterious.

46
Q

Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter?

A

This is the site where the RNA polymerase must bind to initiate transcription.

47
Q

When is the bond broken between the tRNA and the amino acid in the P site?

A

After the amino acid in P site attaches to the amino acid in the A site.

48
Q

What is translocation?

A

Moving from the A site to the P site

BIOS 100 with Muller (11 decks)

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