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BIOS 100 with Muller > Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

A complex double membrane called the nuclear envelope

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2
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

It stiffens the structure of the nuclear envelope

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3
Q

Do plant or animal cells have vacuoles?

A

Plant, fungi and certain other groups of cells lack lysosomes, but they have something called vacuoles, instead.

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4
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Taking up as much as 80% of plant cell volume. They have a variety of uses. Some contain digestive enzymes that serve as recycling center, but most are large storages containers

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5
Q

What is stored in vacuoles in seeds?

A

proteins in seeds. When the seeds are turning into plants enzymes digest the proteins stored to provide amino acids to the growing plant.

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6
Q

What is flowers and fruits, what is stored in vacuoles?

A

colorful pigments

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7
Q

What vacuoles be filled with poisonous and psychoactive compounds?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Virtually all eukaryotic cells contains theres.

They are the centers for Redox reactions

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9
Q

What are glyoxysomes?

A

Specialized peroxisomes that are have enzymes that oxidize fats to form a compound that can be used to store energy int eh cell.

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10
Q

Discuss a function of peroxisomes in plant cells?

A

It has enzymes that release energy from stored fatty acids. Young plants use this grow.

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11
Q

Do animal cells have a cells wall?

A

No, only plants cells do

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12
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

It furnishes a durable outer layer that provides structural support in plant cells.

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13
Q

What does the exterior of a cell consist of in amoebae and animals?

A

Plasma membrane only.

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14
Q

Is gravity important in cells?

A

No, not really. The dominant forces are polarity based electro static reactions and the energy of motion

At this level events take nano-seconds and can occur at the speed of light

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15
Q

What defines the shape and structure of the nucleus?

A

The nuclear lamina

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16
Q

What provides and attachment point for chromosomes?

A

The nuclear lamina

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17
Q

Is the nuclear envelope a solid structure?

A

No, it has 60 nm pores called nuclear pores

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18
Q

What flows through the nuclear pores of cell?

A

RNA is synthesized in the nucleus before it is exported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.

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19
Q

What RNA is produced in the nucleus?

A

ribosomal RNA, which binds to proteins to form ribosomes is manufactured in the nucleus

messenger RNA (mRNA) carry the information required to manufacture proteins.

Both mRNA and these newly assembled proteins are manufactured in the nucleus before being transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they can then synthesize proteins

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20
Q

What is the Nuclear localization signal (NLS)

A

A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that ‘tags’ a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. This is for larger molecules that don’t float through the nuclear pores

Typically, this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface.

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21
Q

What do cells that secrete digestive enzymes and hormones have particularly large amounts of?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and gogi apparatus.

This led to the idea that these organelles are the secretatory pathway.

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22
Q

Outline the steps of the Secretory Pathway?

A
  1. ) Proteins enter the ER after being synthesized in the ribosomes. Here it is processed and sometimes a carbohydrate is added.
  2. ) Packed in a vesicle, protein exits the ER and enter the cis face of the golgi apparatus.
  3. ) The protein is processed in the golgi apparatus.
  4. ) Protein exits the golgi apparatus in a vesicle and moves to plasma membrane
  5. ) Protein is secreted from cell
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23
Q

What is lumen in biology?

A

It is the space inside a tubular structure.

24
Q

What cytosol?

A

The liquid components of the cytoplasm

25
Q

What happens when proteins that are normally synthesized in the rough ER are synthesized by free ribosomes?

A

They are 20 amino acids longer than usual. These 20 amino acids are a signal to enter the ER

26
Q

Name the components of the endomembrane system?

A

EGNPV (Egg Love Net Present Value)

  1. ) Nuclear Envelope
  2. ) Rough ER and Smooth ER
  3. ) Golgi Appartus
  4. ) Lysomes
  5. ) Vacoules and vesicles
  6. ) Plasma Membrane
27
Q

Is the membrane of the nuclear envelope continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Yes, it is.

28
Q

What components of the cell are responsible for digestion and recycling in plant and animal cells?

A

Laysosomes in plant. Vacuoles in plants. Vacuoles are also responsible for storage in plants.

29
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

They are found in eukaryotic cells are tiny, round organelles that generate proteins from mRNA.

30
Q

What is produced in free ribosomes?

A

Proteins that are used inside the cell. This includes proteins that are used for the metabolism of food. For example, free ribosomes produce enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose.

31
Q

What do bound proteins produce?

A

Proteins that are transported out of the cell. Also proteins used by the lysosomes and proteins used in the cell membrane are synthesized in bound membranes.

These include the digestive enzymes produced in the stomach and the protein hormones like insulin produced in the pancreas. Organ systems which produce many proteins have cells with a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

32
Q

Describe the steps of protein synthesis an transport via the endomembrane system?

A

First, all mRNA bind to free ribosomes.

Proteins that are destined for transport o secretion are labeled with a signal sequence

This signal sequence then binds to a signal recognition particle (SRP)

The SRP binds the binds the ribosome to the ER membrane

The SRP is released and protein is synthesized in the ER

The signal sequence is removed. The ribosome. The mRNA and ribosome unbind as well.

Protein synthesis is complete

33
Q

Are ribosomes permanently bound to the ER?

A

No!

34
Q

What can diffuse across the cell membrane?

A

A few substances can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer part of the membrane. The only substances that can do this are lipid-soluble molecules such as steroids, or very small molecules, such as H2O, O2 and CO2. For these molecules the membrane is no barrier at all.

35
Q

Plant cells utilize two structures to maintain turgor pressure in their cells. What are these two structures?

A

Cell wall and central vacuole

36
Q

Is vesicle fusion and transport the same in yeast as it is in humans?

A

yes

37
Q

Where are lysosome enzymes manufactured?

A

the rough er. They are manufactured in the rough ER then shipped to the golgi apparatus. In the golgi a carbohydrate label is attached to ensure that the are then transported to the correct location (the lysosomes)

38
Q

What happens in the smooth ER?

A

Synthesis of lipids and cellular detoxification

39
Q

Are ribosomes structurally identical?

A

Yes!

40
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

41
Q

How does transport int he Endomembrane System Work?

A
  1. ) Proteins that are supposed to be secreted out of the cell or are intended to be transported to the endoemembrane organelles are given a carbohydrate tag
  2. ) This tag binds the protein to the inner surface of the golgi membrane
  3. ) Molecules with similar tags are grouped together into vesicle buds
  4. ) Vesicles are budded off and transported to the appropriate destination.
42
Q

After synthesis in the ER, how are proteins directed where to go next?

A

They are given a carbohydrate tag.

43
Q

What is actin?

A

It is what microfilaments are made of

44
Q

What cytoskelton has the smallest diameter

A

microfilametns

45
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

They help in movement and structural support

46
Q

Can actin filaments change in length?

A

Yes, this process is known as treadmilling

47
Q

How is actin organized?

A

It is assembled at one end a disassembled at the other

48
Q

What is myosin?

A

It is a motor protein. Like actin, it is also capable of movement. Muscle contractions are produced by the interaction of actin and myosin.

49
Q

How do microfilaments help in maintaining cell shape?

A

They resist tension. Said another way, they resist pulling.

50
Q

How to microtubules participate in maintaining shape?

A

They resist compression.

51
Q

What the two movement processes actin is responsible for?

A

Cytogenesis: along with actin it pinches off the new cell

Cytoplasmic streaming: moving cytoplasm around the cell

52
Q

What are intermediate fibers?

A

They are purely structural. They are rope like filaments that are defined by size not my composition like the other two filaments we have learned about.

Keratin is an intermediate filament. Nuclear lamina is another type of intermediate filament. The nuclear lamina gives the nucleus its shape and anchors chromosomes.

53
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A
  1. ) They provide structural reinforcement
  2. ) Anchor organelles
  3. ) Keep the nucleus in place
54
Q

What are microtubules?

A

They are the largest cytoskeletal structure

They are hollow

They help the cell maintain shape by resisting compression

They can anchor organelles

They move organelles

55
Q

Where do microtubules grow from?

A

In animals they grow from one spot near the nucleus.

In plants they grow from many locations

56
Q

What is the microtubule organizing center called?

A

the centrosome

BIOS 100 with Muller (11 decks)

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