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BIOS 100 with Muller > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circuits in the circulatory system?

A

The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

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2
Q

What does the systemic circuit do?

A

Carries blood to the body cells and back to the heart.
In the arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry deoxygenated blood.

Managed by the left side of the heart

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3
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back. In this circuit arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood.

This is managed by the right side of the heart

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4
Q

What are arteries?

A

They carry blood away from the heart (In the pulmonary circuit the blood is deoxygenated. In the systemic system, it carries oxygenated blood).

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5
Q

What are veins?

A

They carry blood back to the heart

Toward the heart!!

(In the systemic system the blood is deoxygentated; in the pulmonary circuit, the blood is oxygenated)

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6
Q

Name some functions of the circulatory system?

A

Carry oxygen to the cells for cellular respiration
Carry nutrients and glucose to the cells
Carry water to the cells
Pick-up waste (including CO2) bring many other waste products back to the kidneys to be processed.

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7
Q

Are the vena cavas in the right or left side and what systems are they are in?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava are on the right side in the pulmonary circulatory system.

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8
Q

How does blood come into the heart from all over the body?

A

Through veins called the inferior and superior vena cava.

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9
Q

What are coronary vessels?

A

The blood vessels that serve the heart. They are part of the systemic flow.

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10
Q

How does blood get into the right atrium?

A

Through the vena cavas. The vena cava are veins because they carry blood toward the heart.

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11
Q

Where does blood go from the right atrium?

A

Right ventricle

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12
Q

Why are valves in the heart?

A

To keep blood moving in the right direction.

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13
Q

What is the valve called through which blood goes from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

The tricuspid valve.

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14
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

Through the pulmonary valve to left pulmonary artery and the left pulmonary artery. From here it goes to the lung an picks up oxygen.

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15
Q

Where does blood go when it comes back from the the lungs?

A

To the right atrium.

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16
Q

Where does blood go from the right atrium?

A

To the left ventricle.

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17
Q

What valve does blood go through as it passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

The mitral valve.

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18
Q

From the left ventricle on its way out of the heart, what separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

A

The aortic valve.

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19
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Where blood exits the heart.

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20
Q

Name the heart chambers in order, from where blood enters to exits?

A

1.) Right atrium
2.) Right ventricle
(blood oxygenation)
3.) Left atrium
4.) Left ventricle

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21
Q

What are the upper most chambers of the heart?

A

The atria

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22
Q

What side does blood come in and go out?

A

Comes in the right side and goes out the left side.

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23
Q

What are the lower chambers called?

A

The ventricles.

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24
Q

How does blood enter the heart from the whole body ?q

A

The vena cavas

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25
Q

What chamber of the heart receives blood from the lungs?

A

The left atrium

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26
Q

What carries blood from the lung to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

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27
Q

What chamber of the heart pushes blood to the lungs?

A

The right ventricle

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28
Q

Do red blood cells have mitochondria?

A

No. Therefore red blood cells don’t use oxygen. They also don’t have a nucleus

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29
Q

How does the heart get blood?

A

It gets O from the systemic circulation coronary vessels.

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30
Q

What is the primary function of the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

oxygenation of blood.

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31
Q

What is the primary function of the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Delivery of oxygenated blood to the body

32
Q

What are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

A

Arteries and arterioles

33
Q

What are blood vessels called that carry blood to the heart?

A

Venules and veins

34
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels?

A

capillaries

35
Q

Describe the attributes of the arteries and arterioles?

A

They have thick elastic and muscular walls.

36
Q

Why is the elasticity of arteries and arterioles important?

A

Because they maintain blood pressure and blood volume

37
Q

What happens when arteries become inelastic?

A

Blood pressure and blood velocity increase.

38
Q

What are the impacts of increased blood pressure?

A

it is a major risk factor for stroke, heart attacks, heart failure, aneurysms and it a cause of chronic kidney disease.

39
Q

What are the impacts of increased blood velocity?

A

Exchanges at the capillary bed become inefficient

40
Q

How do inelastic arteries changes one’s clinical numbers?

A

Systolic pressure is higher and diastolic pressure becomes lower.

41
Q

What are capillaries?

A

The site of gas, molecule and thermal exchange. Pretty much all of the action of the circulatory system occur at the capillaries.

42
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls and are elastic?

A

To handle the pressure of blood being pumped away from the heart. They would burst if they were thin or were inelastic.

Also, because they are elastic, the contraction after the expansion helps force the blood forward.

43
Q

What happens when you are old and your arteries stiffen?

A

Greater variation in blood pressure. The systolic gets higher and the diastolic gets lower.

44
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The top number, which is also the higher of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts). It measure the pressure when the walls are pushing out. This number goes up as you age.

45
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

The bottom number, which is also the lower of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood). This number gets lower as you age because the pressure that creates it comes from contraction of your arterial walls, which becomes less springy as plaque builds

46
Q

How are capillary beds begin and end?

A

Arteries near the heart branch into smaller arterioles, which feed into capillary beds. The capillary beds then feed back into a system of veins and return the blood to the heart.

47
Q

How is blood flow in the capillary bed regulated?

A

by precapillary sphincters and thoroughfare channels, which are slightly ticker direct connections between the arteriole and venules.

If there is an area where your body needs blood your pre capillary sphincter will open up. If your body want to slow blood flow there, it will close the nearby sphincters down.

48
Q

When you exercise, what happens to pre capillary sphincters near your skin?

A

They will open to promote blood flow, which allow heat loss through their skin.

49
Q

Describe venules and veins?

A

Thin walled and located near the surface. They is also very little pressure in the veins and the skeletal muscles contractions aid blood flow.

50
Q

What special apparatus to veins and venues have to prevent back flow?

A

They have valves to prevent back flow since the pressure is so low when the blood returns to the heart.

51
Q

What happens when arterial blood reaches the arteriole?

A

Blood pressure drops, which is a really thing because if blood pressure were high, it would burst the capillaries.

52
Q

How does blood velocity compare to blood pressure in veins and venules?

A

The blood is higher because the blood from the capillaries is forced into a small area. But, the blood pressure remains low because we are so far from the heart.

53
Q

What happens due to osmosis in the body?

A

Because the pressure is so much higher inside blood vessels than outside blood vessels some fluid leaves the blood vessels via osmosis. This fluid is then cycled through the lymphatic system to avoid swelling.

54
Q

What are the two elements of blood?

A

Blood plasma: the fluid portion of the blood, in which formed elements are suspended.

Formed elements: blood cells and cell fragments

55
Q

What is plasma?

A

It is 92% water but it contains proteins and hormones, too.

56
Q

What are the three primary classes of proteins in blood plasma?

A

Albumins: they transport hormones and fatty acids

Fibrinogen: Aid in blood clotting

Globulins: aid the immune system and serve as transport proteins.

57
Q

What ar the three types of formed elements in blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

58
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They carry O to and CO2 from every part of the body

59
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

They are central to the immune system. Also called leucocytes

60
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are small fragments of cells that are important for blood clotting.

61
Q

What do LDLs do?

A

Heightened risk of plaques that can rupture and cause a blood clot in an artery.

62
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Capture O/Dispose of CO2
Control blood pH balance in blood
Produce sounds for speaking

63
Q

What does the epiglotis do?

A

It controls whether “stuff” goes down the trachea or the esophagus.

64
Q

Describe the flow of air in the respiratory system?

A

In the mouth, down the trachea, down the bronchial tube to the alveoli.

65
Q

Where does the gas exchange actually take place?

A

In the capillaries attached to the alveoli.

66
Q

How is O absorbed?

A

diffusion

67
Q

What two membranes does O have to cross to get into our blood?

A

Alveoli and capillary

68
Q

Where does the diaphragm go when you inhale/exhale?

A

Down when you inhale/up when you exhale

69
Q

What is the name of the molecule that carries O around the body?

A

Hemoglobin. A hemoglobin that has a high affinity for O will be more effective at getting O from the air and attaching it to the blood.

70
Q

What is the downside of hemoglobin having a high affinity for oxygen?

A

It is harder to get it to leave the red blood cells and go into the tissues.

71
Q

What is it essential that fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O than maternal hemoglobin?

A

If their affinity were the same, then no hemoglobin would ever leave the mother and go to the fetus. Moreover, the only way it can get its mother’s hemoglobin is if the fetus has a high hemoglobin affinity than the mother does

72
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A relative of hemoglobin that has an extremely high affinity for O. It is a way of storing a little bi of O in muscle for very extreme situations.

73
Q

How is CO2 transported?

A

5% of CO2 is dissolved in in plasma
10% binds to amino groups of hemoglobin
The remaining 85% is transported in the blood as a bicarbonate ion (HCO3)

74
Q

How does CO2 become HCO3?

A

There is an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase which catalyzes this reaction.

75
Q

Name another benefit of transporting CO2 as HCO3?

A

It removes carbon dioxide from the blood, so diffusion of carbon dioxide from body tissues can continue into blood cells

76
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

It catalyzes the the turning of H2O and CO2 into HCO3 and the turning of HCO3 back into CO2 and H20 to get it out of the body.

BIOS 100 with Muller (11 decks)

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