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Human Structure and Function > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Organisation of DNA

A 
Double helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Complementary nitrogenous bases:
Adenine - tyrosine
Guanine - cytosine
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2
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Cells constantly synthesise proteins; used for cell functioning or exported from cell

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3
Q

Proteome

A

All proteins made by the cell

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4
Q

Proteomics

A

study of proteins in a cell

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5
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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6
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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7
Q

The central dogma

A

flow of information from DNA to RNA

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8
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

Sugar; ribose vs deoxyribose
Single stranded
Contains uracil vs thyamine

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9
Q

RNA

A

the stage between DNA and protein; initiated by transcription factors

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10
Q

Exons

A

coding sections of RNA

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11
Q

Introns

A

non-coding sections of RNA

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12
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

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13
Q

Messenger RNA

A

translated in cytoplasm to make proteins

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14
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

makes up ribosomes

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15
Q

Transfer RNA

A

translates mRNA into amino acid peptide

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16
Q

Transcription Process

A
  • DNA strands are separated
    • RNA polymerase binds at promoter region
    • RNA polymerase catalyses formation of mRNA chain using DNA as a template, follows the rules of complimentary base pairing
    • Transcription ends at terminator sequence
    • mRNA exits nucleus through nuclear pores
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17
Q

Translation

A

Occurs in cytoplasm by ribosomes
mRNA carries genetic info from nucleus to ribosomes
Begins at start codon

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18
Q

Post-translational modification

A

chemical modification of protein following translation - may attach to other functional groups, may be shortened

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19
Q

Phosphorylation

A

controls the behaviour of the protein; activating/inactivating enzyme

20
Q

Side chains (protein structure)

A

non-polar and hydrophobic, hydrophillic, positively/negatively charged
interactions between side groups and peptide bonds affects shape of protein

21
Q

Classification of aa chains

A

2+ aa’s - peptide
10+ aa’s - polypeptide
50+ aa’s - protein

22
Q

Primary protein structure

A

sequence of aa’s linked by peptide bonds

23
Q

Seconday protein structure

A

proteins fold forming secondary structures due to side chains
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets = regular folding patterns

24
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D shape determined by folding of secondary structure

a-helices and b-sheets foldto form structures held by bonds between aa’s spaced far apart in peptide chain

25
Q

Quanternary protein structure

A

combined 3D structure of 2+ polypeptide chains

eg haemoglobin

26
Q

Globular proteins

A 
chains fold into compact shape 
Usually water soluable
Mobile
Chemically active
Crucial in biological processes
27
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Simple, elongated
Insoluable, stable
Provides mechanical support, tensile strength
Abundant outside of cell, make up matrix between cells
eg. collegen, keratin, elastin

28
Q

Somatic cell

A

biological cell forming body of multicellular organism

  • most cells
  • 46 chrs
  • mitosis
29
Q

Germ cell

A

give rise to gametes

  • located in ovaries and testes
  • meiosis
30
Q

Gamete

A

cells fused during sexual reproduction

31
Q

Interphase

A

between cell divisions
replication of DNA
Replication of DNA
Normal cell activities

32
Q

Mitosis

A

results in production of two cells by division of mother cell to two genetically identical daughter cells

33
Q

Mitosis - stages

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cell cytoplasm

35
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA complexed with proteins (histones)

36
Q

Locus

A

location of a gene on a chrs

37
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chrs, centrioles migrate to ends of cell, spindle fibres attach to centromeres, nuclear envelope disintegrates

38
Q

Metaphase

A

chrs are aligned at nuclear equator

39
Q

Anaphase

A

spindle fibres separate chromatids, 2 sets of chrs move to separate ends of cell, cytokinesis begins

40
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chrs, chromosomes decondense into chromatin, cytokinesis continues

41
Q

Cells with high mitosis rate

A

skin, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, anus, cervix and vagina

42
Q

Cells with normal mitosis rate

A

in-utero, puberty, wound healing, RBC

43
Q

Cells with slow mitosis rate

A

brain, heart, skeletal muscle

44
Q

Meiosis

A

Germ cells divide and produce gametes
Specialised for sexual reproduction
DNA replication followed by 2 cell divisions
Produces 4 genetically different daughter cells;

* gametes, haploid
* one homolog from each homologous pair
45
Q

Meiosis - prophase

A

Homologous chrs line up
DNA is exchanged between adjacent chromatids
Sister chromatids are no longer identical
Results in exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chrs
= new gene combination
= new human variation

Human Structure and Function (18 decks)

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