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Human Structure and Function > Anatomy of the Renal System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the renal system

A

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

Kidney location

A

Lies behind the parietal peritoneum on posterior abdominal wall
Right kidney slightly lower than left
Lumbar vertebrae and rib cage partially protect the kidney - can be damaged through trauma

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3
Q

External anatomy of the kidney

A

renal capsule, adipose tissue, renal fascia

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4
Q

Renal capsule

A

fibrous connective tissue surrounding each kidney

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5
Q

Adipose tissue

A

engulfs renal capsule, acts as cushioning

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6
Q

Renal facia

A

thin layer loose connective tissue, anchors kidneys to posterior abdominal wall

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7
Q

Internal anatomy of the kidney

A

Hilum, renal sinus, ureter, cortex, renal columns

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8
Q

Hilum

A

renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein and ureter exit - most medial section
Hilum opens into renal sinus

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9
Q

Renal artery

A

blood from heart to kidney

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10
Q

Renal vein

A

blood from kidney to heart

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11
Q

Renal sinus

A

Cavity filled with fat and loose connective tissue

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12
Q

Ureter

A

exits at the hilum; connects to urinary bladder

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13
Q

Cortex

A

outer area

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14
Q

Renal columns

A

Part of cortical tissue that extends into medulla

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15
Q

Internal Anatomy

A

Medulla, renal pyramids, renal papilla, major calyces, pelvis

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16
Q

Medulla

A

inner area, surrounds renal sinus

17
Q

Renal pyramids

A

cone-shaped, base is boundary between cortex and medulla

Apex of pyramid is renal papilla, points towards sinus

18
Q

Major calyces

A

converge to form the renal pelvis

19
Q

Pelvis

A

Enlarged chamber formed by major calyces

20
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney; filter blood and produce urine

21
Q

Nephron - structure

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule

  • Blood enters the nephron for filtration. Filtrate/urine is produced
  • Urine continues from the nephron to papillary ducts, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis and ureter
22
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle located near the medulla

- Long Loops of Henle extending deep into medulla (15%)

23
Q

Cortical nephron

A
  • renal corpscule located nearer to the periphery of the cortex
  • Loops of Henle don’t extend deep into medulla (85%)
24
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s Capsule - enlarged end of the nephron, double walled chamber

  • Filters blood/fluid which then enters the proximal convoluted tubule

Glomerulus - network/ball of capillaries

  • Blood enters through afferent arteriole, exits through efferent arteriole
  • Efferent arteriole is smaller than afferent; creates pressure
25
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Parietal layer - outer layer
- simple squamous - becomes cuboidal in PCT

Visceral layer - inner layer
- Specialised podocytes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries; facilitate filtration

26
Q

Filtration membrane

A

fenestrae, filtration slits, basement membrane

27
Q

Fenestrae

A

window-like openings in endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries

28
Q

Filtration slits

A

gaps between podocytes

29
Q

Basement membrane

A

between endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries and podocytes

30
Q

PCT

A

filtrate drains from Bowman’s capsule into PCT

  • Simple cuboidal epithelium with many microvilli
  • Active reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chlorine
31
Q

Loop of Henle

A

ascending and descending limb

  • Thick parts - simple cuboidal; thin parts - simple squamous (for osmosis/diffusion)
32
Q

DCT

A

shorter than PCT

  • Simple cuboidal, few microvilli
  • Numerous mitochondria
33
Q

Collecting duct

A

extends through medulla towards renal papilla to ureter

  • Larger in diameter
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
34
Q

Major renal arteries and veins

A

Blood enters kidney via abdominal aorta; left and right artery branch off
Deoxygenated blood removed via right and left renal vein, exits through inferior vena cava

35
Q

Urine movement

A

Pressure forces urine through nephron
Peristalsis moves urine from renal pelvis in kidney through ureters to bladder (smooth muscle)
Ureters enter bladder obliquely through trigone
Pressure in bladder compresses ureter, prevents backflow - important to prevent kidney infection

36
Q

Ureters

A

Bring urine from renal pelvis to bladder
Lined by transitional epithelium
transitional epithelium - mucosa - muscularis - adventitia

37
Q

Bladder

A

Hollow, smooth muscle; allows for temporary storage of urine
Sits posteriorly to symphasis pubis
Volume can increase/decreasae
Transitional epithelium - lamina propria - submucosa - detrustor muscle

38
Q

Trigone

A

interior of urinary bladder

Triangular area between the entry of the ureter and the exit of the urethra

39
Q

Urethra

A

Transports urine from the bladder to outside the body
Internal urinary sphincter - elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle prevent urine continuously flowing out of the bladder
Transitional epithelium (top), stratified columnar epithelium (external opening)
External urinary sphincter - skeletal muscle surrounds urethra; extends through pelvic floor. Acts as a valve that controls the flow of urine

Human Structure and Function (18 decks)

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