Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

total of all chemical processes that occur in the body

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

a large reactant is broken down to form smaller products
Chemical bonds broken, energy released
Energy in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins is used to produce energy - drives anabolic reactions (active cell membrane transport, muscle contraction, protein synthesis)

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
Chemical bonds made, energy stored in the bonds
Responsible for growth, maintenance and repair

Question 4

Energy

Answer 4

The capacity to do work

Question 5

Potential energy

Answer 5

Stored energy

Question 6

Kinetic energy

Answer 6

Energy that is moving matter

Question 7

Chemical energy

Answer 7

Energy is stored in chemical bonds
Breaking chemical bonds releases energy
Energy released is used to combine ADP with phosphate molecule to form ATP
ATP stores the energy releases from breaking chemical bonds
Some energy released is lost as heat - used to maintain body temperature

Question 8

ATP and potential energy

Answer 8

Small amount of energy stored in each molecule of ATP is easier for the cell to access larger amount in nutrient molecules
ATP broken into ADP for energy
Energy can be used to make new proteins, repair damaged cell membrane, drive active transport

Question 9

Cellular respiration

Answer 9

Process that breaks chemical bonds in food to produce energy which is stored as ATP

Question 10

Glycolysis

Answer 10

Occurs in cytoplasm:
Breaks down 1 glucose molecule (6 carbons) into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbons)
Uses 2 ATPs in early stages
Produces 4 ATP by the end - net production of 2 ATP
Produces 2 NADH molecules - used in oxidative phosphorly
Oxygen avaliable - pyruvate moves to citric acid cycle
Oxygen unavaliable - converted to lactic acid

Question 11

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 11

Matrix of mitochondria:
Acetyl Coenzyme A formation
Before cycle - pyruvate (3C) converted to acetyl CoA (2C) - produces 1 NADH, 1 CO2
Each initial glucose produces 2 pyruvayes
each glucose molecule - 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2

Question 12

Citric acid cycle - process

Answer 12

• NADH and FADH2 - electron carrier molecules
• Collect electrons that are produced when chemical reactions occur during glycolysis and citric acid cycle
• Transport electrons to the elecctron transport chain in inner mitochondrial membrane, donate electrons to the membrane carriers, oxidative phosphorylation occurs to generate ATP

Question 13

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 13

Accounts for most energy production from cellular respiration
NADH and FADH2 produced by glycolysis and citric acid cycle pass through electron transport chain and inner membrane of the mitochondria
ETC is series of electron donors and receptors;
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to first acceptor in the chain - releases H+
Acceptor molecule 1 then passes electron to next molecule etc
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor; water is produced
Movement of electron through the chain releases energy - used to generate a proton gradient across the membrane
Protons flow back across membrane through a special channel - flow of H+ used by ATP synthase to produce ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation produces between 32-34 ATP

Question 14

Fatty Acids

Answer 14

Undergo beta oxidation to from acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA can enter citric acid cycle to generate ATP, NADH, FADH2

Question 15

Amino Acids

Answer 15

Can be converted into intermediate compounds of CHO digestion (keto acid, pyruvate, acetyl CoA)