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Biology > Diversity of Animals I > Flashcards

Diversity of Animals I Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the phylum name for flatworms?

A

Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

How many germ layers do platyhelminthes have?

A

Triploblastic

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3
Q

What type of body cavity do platyhelminthes have?

A

Acoelomates

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4
Q

Describe the body cavity of platyhelminthes

A

Filled with loose parenchyma derived from mesoderm

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5
Q

Describe the symmetry of platyhelminthes

A

Bilateral symmetry

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6
Q

What is a characteristic of the platyhelminthes body shape?

A

Dorsoventrally flattened

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7
Q

What are three classes of platyhelminthes?

A
  1. Turbellaria
  2. Trematoda
  3. Cestoda
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8
Q

Are turbellaria free-living or parasitic?

A

Free-living

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9
Q

What structure do turbellaria use to feed?

A

A pharynx that comes out of a ventrally-located mouth

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10
Q

Describe the turbellaria diet

A

Carnivorous: living invertebrates or dead animals

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11
Q

What is an advancement of turbellaria digestive system?

A

Highly branched to increase surface area

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12
Q

Do platyhelminthes have a complete digestive tract?

A

No, they do not have an anus.

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13
Q

How does egestion occur for platyhelminthes?

A

Out of mouth (no anus)

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14
Q

Where does platyhelminthes gas exchange occur?

A

Diffusion through their skin (aided by being flat)

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15
Q

How does excreton occur for platyhelminthes?

A

Excretion of NH3 by diffusion

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16
Q

What is a huge advancement of platyhelminthes for water removal?

A

Water is removed by protonephridia with a flame cell.

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17
Q

Describe the platyhelminthes central nervous system

A

Transverse nerve cords with a tiny cerebral ganglia at the head of the animal.

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18
Q

How do turbellaria reproduce asexually?

A

Transverse binary fission into 2 small turbellarians called zooids.

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19
Q

How do turbellaria reproduce sexually? (3 steps)

A
  1. Both flatworms exchange sperm (monoecious)
  2. Zygotes are enclosed in a cocoon
  3. Zygotes develop into immature turbellarians that break out of the cocoon when the weather is good.
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20
Q

What is a common name for the trematoda?

A

Flukes

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21
Q

How do trematodes feed?

A

Adult flukes are parasitic on vertebrates

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22
Q

Describe the trematoda digestive tract (2 components)

A
  1. Mouth and Pharynx

2. 2 Intestinal branches

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23
Q

Do trematodes have a complete digestive system?

A

No. No anus

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24
Q

How does a fluke protect itself from the host’s defenses and digestive juices?

A

A layer of the epidermic called the tegument

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25
Q

Is the fluke tegument living or nonliving?

A

Living

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26
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in a trematode?

A

Diffusion through epidermis

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27
Q

Where does excretion occur in a trematode?

A

Diffusion of NH3 through epidermis

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28
Q

How does a fluke attach itself to its host? (2 ways)

A
  1. Oral sucker

2. Acetabulum (ventral sucker)

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29
Q

What species of trematode is the human liver fluke?

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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30
Q

Describe the eight (8) step life cycle of the human liver fluke

A
  1. Fluke eggs shed in feces of infected people and are washed into fresh water
  2. Fluke larva (miracidium) emerges from egg and ingested by snail
  3. Miracidium loses cilia to become a sporocyst
  4. Sporocyst grows into a redia that can reproduce asexually.
  5. Redia reproduces forming more rediae.
  6. Snail deteriorates and rediae grow tails to become cercaria.
  7. The cercaria attaches to fish using tail, loses tail and encysts to form a metacercaria.
  8. Humans eat raw fish and digestive juices release metacercaria which grows into sexually reproduce adult.
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31
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

Where the parasite produces sexually

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32
Q

What is intermediate host?

A

Where the parasite either reproduces asexually or exhibits developmental changes.

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33
Q

Name the five (5) different stages of the human liver fluke

A
  1. Miracidium (larva)
  2. Sporocyst (larva without cilia)
  3. Redia (can reproduce asexually)
  4. Cercaria (redia grows tail)
  5. Metacercaria (cercaria encysted in fish)
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34
Q

What is the common name of cestoda?

A

Tape worms

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35
Q

How do cestoda feed?

A

Parasitic in the intestines of vertebrates

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36
Q

Describe the cestoda digestive system

A

Cestoda secondarily lost mouth and digestive tract because the host does it for them.

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37
Q

How do cestoda attach to their host?

A

Suckers and hooks for attachment

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38
Q

What is the head of the tape worm called?

A

Scolex

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39
Q

What are the segments of a tape worm called?

A

Proglottids

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40
Q

Where are the tape worm’s hooks located?

A

On a bump of the scolex called Rostellum

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41
Q

Describe the maturity of the proglottids from closest to scolex to further away

A
  1. Immature
  2. Mature
  3. Gravid (filled with eggs)
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42
Q

How is the tape worm embryo nourished and protected?

A

While the egg passes through the uterus the yolk gland adds food and the shell gland adds protection.

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43
Q

What is the phylum name for round worms?

A

Nematoda

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44
Q

What type of body cavity do nematodes have?

A

Pseudocoelomates

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45
Q

Describe the body cavity of a pseudocoelomate

A

Body cavity left over from embryonic blastocoel that is not lined with peritoneum or mesenteries.

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46
Q

Are nematodes free living or parasitic?

A

Both. Many are parasitic

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47
Q

Do nematodes have a complete digestive tract?

A

Yes

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48
Q

What is a unidirectional digestive tract?

A

Food runs in one direction from mouth to anus

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49
Q

Why is a unidirectional digestive tract more efficient?

A

Regions along the tract can specialize and divide up functions

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50
Q

What type of symmetry to nematodes have?

A

Bilateral symmetry

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51
Q

Describe the central nervous system of nematodes

A

Dorsal and ventral nerve cords

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52
Q

Describe the nematode excretory system

A

Protonephridia and two lateral excretory canals.

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53
Q

How does gas exchange occur in nematodes?

A

Diffusion

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54
Q

How do nematodes protect themselves from host or in general?

A

Cuticle secreted by the epidermis

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55
Q

Is the roundworm cuticle living or nonliving?

A

Nonliving

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56
Q

What is the most common human roundworm parasite in the U.S. and describe them?

A

Enterobius vermicularis - human pinworms. Live in intestines.

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57
Q

What parasitic human roundworm is common in areas where the ground doesn’t freeze enough to kill the eggs and describe them?

A

Necator americanus - human hookworm. Burrow through skin and end up in intestines.

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58
Q

What parasitic human roundworm lives in uncooked pork and describe them?

A

Trichinella spiralis - porkworm. Encysted larvae live in the muscle tissue of pigs.

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59
Q

What parasitic human roundworm causes elephantitis and describe them?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti. Cause blockage of lymph vessels resulting in swelling.

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60
Q

What is the phylum name for horse-hair worms?

A

Nematomorpha

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61
Q

Where do nematomorpha live (larva and adult)?

A
  1. The larvae live in grasshoppers, crickets and cockroaches

2. Adults live in freshwater

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62
Q

Where are the two divisions of eucoelomates?

A
  1. Protostomia

2. Deuterostomia

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63
Q

What is the difference in the formation of the digestive tract between the two divisions of eucoelomates?

A

Protostomia: Blastopore becomes mouth.
Deuterostomia: Blastopore becomes anus

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64
Q

What is the difference in spindle fibers between the two divisions of eucoelomates?

A

Protostomia: Spindle fiber is oblique (resulting in spiral cleavage)
Deuterostomia: Spindle fiber is perpendicular or parallel (resulting in radial cleavage)

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65
Q

What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate cleavage?

A

In indeterminate cleavage, each of the four cells of the embryo can be separated and develop into a whole organism.

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66
Q

What is the difference between embryonic cleavage between the two divisions of eucoelomates?

A

Protostomia: Determinate cleavage
Deuterostomia: Indeterminate cleavage

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67
Q

What is a trochophore larva?

A

A top shaped embryo

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68
Q

What is a dipleurula larva?

A

A bilateral larva

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69
Q

What is the difference in embryo morphology between the two divisions of eucoelomates?

A

Protostomia: Trochophore larva
Deuterostomia: Dipleurula larva

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70
Q

What is schizocoelus?

A

Mesoderm splits to form the coelom

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71
Q

What is enterocoelus?

A

Coelom forms as outpockets of the gut

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72
Q

What is the difference in coelom formation between the two division of eucoelomates?

A

Protostomia: schizocoelous
Deuterostomia: enterocoelous

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73
Q

What phylum contains snails and octopods?

A

Mollusca

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74
Q

What is characteristic of the body design for phyla mollusca?

A
  1. Head-foot region

2. visceral mass

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75
Q

What is contained in the visceral mass of a mollusk?

A

Digestive tract, reproductive tract, circulatory system and excretory system

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76
Q

What helps protect the visceral mass in a mollusk?

A

A mantle, which often secretes a shell.

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77
Q

How does gas exchange for a mollusk?

A

Gills

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78
Q

What are the three (3) layers of a mollusk shell from superficial to deep?

A
  1. outer periostracum - protein (dark)
  2. middle prismatic layer (chalky)
  3. inner nacreous layer (shiny)
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79
Q

What are three (3) classes of phylum mollusca?

A
  1. Gastropoda
  2. Bivalvia
  3. Cephalopoda
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80
Q

What is torsion when referring to gastropods?

A

180 degree twisting of visceral mass

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81
Q

What is coiling when referring to gastropods

A

Coiling of visceral mass to allow them to secrete coiled shells

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82
Q

Where do thegills, anus and excretory tract of a gastropod open?

A

Open at the same end as the mouth as a result of torsion

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83
Q

What does a snail use to close its shell opening when hiding?

A

A tough covering on the food called the operculum

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84
Q

How do gastropods move?

A

Foot secrets mucous which they use for traction to move by cilia located on foot.

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85
Q

What type of circulatory system do gastropods have?

A

Open circulatory system

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86
Q

How do gastropods feed?

A

Scrape algae from substrate with a radula

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87
Q

Describe the bivalvia body form

A

Laterally compressed with two shells

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88
Q

How do bivalves attach to sediment?

A

protein strands called byssal threads

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89
Q

If bivalves are mostly sedentary, how do they become dispersed?

A

The larval stage allows them to disperse

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90
Q

Describe the dispersal of bivalvia larvae

A
  1. Eggs are released into the mantle cavity
  2. Sperm enter with the water current and fertilizes the egg
  3. Mothers host embryos in gills
  4. Glochidia larva leave the mother and become parasitic on fish gills
  5. Miniature clam falls from fish and become sedentary
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91
Q

What is the name of bivalvia larva?

A

Glochidia

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92
Q

What type of circulatory system do bivalvia have?

A

Open circulatory system

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93
Q

What type of feeders are bivalvia?

A

Filter feeders

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94
Q

Describe bivalvia feeding mechanism

A
  1. Incurrent siphon brings in water
  2. Gills trap food particles in mucous
  3. Particles carried to mouth
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95
Q

What class does the octopus belong to?

A

Cephalopoda

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96
Q

Describe the cephalopoda body plan

A

A large head and anterior foot is modified into tentacles used for walking, catching prey and mating.

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97
Q

Describe the shell of a cuttlefish

A

Small internal shell

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98
Q

Describe the shell of a squid

A

Small internal “pen”

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99
Q

Describe the shell of an octopus

A

no shell

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100
Q

Describe the shell of a nautilus

A

Full, chambered shell

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101
Q

What do cephalopods feed on?

A

Other animals (small invertebrates to young sperm whales)

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102
Q

What type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?

A

Closed circulatory system

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103
Q

Describe octopus nervous system

A

Have a memory and ability to learn. Large neurons that are used for neurological research.

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104
Q

Describe the octopus eyes

A

Octopus see images, shapes and colors

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105
Q

What is the relationship between cephalopod eyes and vertebrate eyes?

A

Convergent evolution - evolved separately but greatly resemble each other.

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106
Q

What cells allow cephalopods to change colors?

A

Chromatophores

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107
Q

What response allows cephalopods to escape from predators by disrupting their sight and smell?

A

Dark fluid secreted by ink glands

108
Q

What is the phylum name for segmented words?

A

Annelida

109
Q

What are each segment of a segmented worm called?

A

Metameres

110
Q

What is the term for body forms composed of repeated segments?

A

Metamerism

111
Q

What separates each metamere internally?

A

Septa

112
Q

What type of circulatory system do annelids have?

A

closed circulatory system

113
Q

What two (2) blood vessels do annelids have?

A
  1. Dorsal blood vessel

2. Ventral blood vessel

114
Q

What organs comprise the annelid circulatory system? (two types of organs)

A
  1. two blood vessels

2. five hearts

115
Q

Describe the annelid excretory system

A

Metanephridia remove excess wastes from body cavity and the blood

116
Q

Describe the annelid nervous system (3 components)

A
  1. Large neurons in head called cerebral ganglia
  2. Ventral nerve cord
  3. Branches in each segment called ganglia
117
Q

What are the three classes of annelids?

A
  1. Polychaeta
  2. Oligochaeta
  3. Hirudinea
118
Q

What is the largest class of annelids?

A

Polychaeta

119
Q

Describe the polychaeta body structure

A

Polychaetes have a pair of parapodia on every segment and hair-like setae on every parapodia

120
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in a polychaeta?

A

Notopodium: thin part of parapodium

121
Q

What polychaete sensory organ are located on each segment?

A

Neuropodium: part of parapodium

122
Q

What structure do polychaetes use for locomotion?

A

Parapodia

123
Q

What two polychaete sensory organs are located on the head?

A
  1. Eyes

2. sensory palps

124
Q

What is the region of the polychaete that surrounds the mouth?

A

peristomium

125
Q

What is the region of the polychaete that is in front of the mouth?

A

prostomium

126
Q

What are two ways polychaetes feed?

A
  1. Protrusible pharynx with teeth used to feed on small, invertebrate prey
  2. Tentacles used for filter feeding
127
Q

How do polychaetes reproduce asexually?

A

Budding

128
Q

How do polychaetes reproduce sexually?

A

Polychaete grows into a worm with two distinct segments: asexual atoke and sexual epitoke. The epitoke breaks free and goes to the surface of the water to breed.

129
Q

Describe the body structure of oligochaetes

A

Setae that run down the sides of segmented body

130
Q

What is the anterior tip of the oligochaete called?

A

prostomium

131
Q

What do oligochates feed on?

A

Scavengers that feed on decaying vegetation

132
Q

How does gas exchange work for oligochaetes?

A

exchange gases across their moist skin

133
Q

Why is oligochaete distribution limited to water or moist soil?

A

they need moisture for gas exchange

134
Q

How do oligochaetes reproduce sexually? (4 steps)

A
  1. Two worms line up in opposite directions
  2. Exchange sperm
  3. Deposit the eggs into a cocoon of mucous secreted by clitellum
  4. Young worms hatch from the cocoons
135
Q

What is class that contains leeches?

A

Hirudinea

136
Q

Describe hirduinea body structure (2 components)

A
  1. 34 segments and additional rings called annuli
  2. anterior and posterior sucker
  3. No setae or parapodia
137
Q

What do leeches feed on?

A

Some feed on body fluids or entire body of invertebrates. Others feed on vertebrate blood.

138
Q

How do leeches feed on their host?

A

Mouth is located in center of anterior sucker and contains three “teeth” that slice through tissue.

139
Q

How do leeches prevent host blood from clotting?

A

They secrete an anticoagulant called hirudin

140
Q

How do leeches get the host’s blood into their digestive tract?

A

Muscular pharynx pumps the blood into their digestive tract

141
Q

How does gas exchange occur in leeches?

A

Gases diffuse across their moist bodies

142
Q

Describe the movement by annelids onto land

A
  1. Polychaetes are most primitive annelids and are all marine.
  2. Oligochaetes invaded freshwater and evolved into oligochaetes and hirudinea
  3. Oligochaetes moved into moist, terrestrial ecosystems and evolved into arthropods.
143
Q

What is the phylum for animals with jointed legs?

A

Arthropoda

144
Q

What is a characteristic of arthropods that relates them to annelids?

A

external metamerism (septa are missing internally)

145
Q

Describe arthropod nervous system

A

Ventral nerve cord

146
Q

What are three (3) functions of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A
  1. Support
  2. Muscle attachment
  3. Prevent dehydration
147
Q

What molecule composes the exoskeleton of arthropods?

A

Chitin

148
Q

What is tagmatization?

A

Metameres of the body have been organized into functional body regions

149
Q

What are three body regions of insects?

A

Head, thorax and abdomen.

150
Q

What is the body region containing the head, feeding structures and walking legs for crayfish?

A

Cephalothorax

151
Q

What development gives arthropods excellent strength and speed?

A

Well-developed striated muscles

152
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

Open circulatory system

153
Q

What is an advantage of arthropod metamorphosis?

A

Larva and adult differ in feeding requirements and reduce competition.

154
Q

What is the largest of all animal phyla and what percent of all animals does it include?

A

75% of all animals are arthropods

155
Q

What was the first animal phylum to dominate the terrestrial ecosystem?

A

Arthropoda

156
Q

What are four (4) subphyla in the phylum arthropoda?

A
  1. Trilobita
  2. Chelicerata
  3. Crustacea
  4. Uniramia
157
Q

What is significant about the subphylum trilobita?

A

It is extinct and looks like Kabuto from pokemon.

158
Q

What animals are included in subphylum chelicerata?

A

Spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, sea spiders

159
Q

What body regions are present in sub phylum chelicerata?

A

Cephalothorax and abdomen

160
Q

What appendages aid in feeding for chelicerata?

A

First pair of appendages are called chelicerae and aid in feeding

161
Q

What body regions are present in subphylum crustacea?

A

Cephalothorax and abdomen

162
Q

What is characteristic of crustacean antennae?

A

Two pairs of antenanae and one pair is biramous

163
Q

What is a uniramous limb?

A

Consists of a single series of attachments connected end-to-end

164
Q

What is a biramous limb?

A

A limb that branches into two and each branch consists of segments attached end-to-end

165
Q

What type of limbs do crustaceans have?

A

Biramous

166
Q

What animals are included in subphylum crustacea?

A

Brine shrimp, lobsters, crabs, crayfish, copepods and barnacles

167
Q

How many pairs of antennae do animals in subphylum uniramia have?

A

One pair of antennae

168
Q

What type of limbs do subphylum uniramia have?

A

Uniramous appendages

169
Q

What are three classes in the subphylum uniramia?

A
  1. Diplopoda
  2. Chilopoda
  3. Insecta
170
Q

How many legs do diplopoda have?

A

2 pairs of legs per segment

171
Q

What do millipedes look like in cross section?

A

Round body

172
Q

How many legs do chilopoda have?

A

1 pair of legs per segment

173
Q

What do centipedes look like in cross section?

A

Oval body

174
Q

What do diplopoda (millipedes) feed on?

A

Decaying plant litter

175
Q

What do chilopoda (centipedes) feed on?

A

Earthworms, snails, insects etc.

176
Q

What part of a centipede should you be careful of?

A

The front legs contain toxins that are painful but generally harmless

177
Q

How many legs do insects have

A

3 pairs (6 total)

178
Q

What phyla are considered protostomes?

A

Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda

179
Q

What phylum is the most primitive deuterostomes?

A

Echinodermata

180
Q

What kind of symmetry do echinoderms possess?

A

Pentaradial symmetry

181
Q

What does a sea star use for support?

A

Endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate plates and ossicles covered by epidermis

182
Q

What is the flow of water in a sea star? (5 steps)

A
  1. Madreporite
  2. Stone canal
  3. Ring canal
  4. Radial canal
  5. Tube feet
183
Q

What side of the sea star is the mouth located?

A

Ventral

184
Q

What type of digestive tract do echinoderms have?

A

Complete

185
Q

What are five classes of echinoderms?

A
  1. Asteroidea
  2. Ophiuroidea
  3. Echinoidea
  4. Holothuroidea
  5. Crinoidea
186
Q

What animals are included in asteroidea

A

Sea stars (arms in multiples of five)

187
Q

What animals are included in ophiuroidea

A

Brittle stars and basket stars

188
Q

Describe the arms of brittle stars

A

Unbranched, long and thin

189
Q

Describe the arms of basket stars

A

Branched, long and thin

190
Q

What animals are included in echinoidea

A

Sand dollars and sea urchins

191
Q

Describe the morphology of sea urchins

A

Round and spiny

192
Q

Describe the morphology of sand dollars

A

flattened

193
Q

What animals are included in holothuroidea

A

sea cucumbers

194
Q

Describe sea cucumbers (2 components)

A

Elongate and sluggish burrowers

195
Q

What animals are included in crinoidea

A

Sea lilies and feather stars

196
Q

Describe the life style of crinoidea

A

Sedentary

197
Q

What is the most primitive class of echinodermata?

A

Crinoidea

198
Q

What are four characteristics of phylum chordata?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharyngeal gill slits
  3. Dorsal tubular nerve cord
  4. Post-anal tail
199
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A flexible support rod made of connective tissue

200
Q

What are pharyngeal gill slits?

A

Openings in the pharyngeal region of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

201
Q

What is the purpose of pharyngeal slits? (lower animals and higher animals)

A

Lower chordates: Used for filter feeding and gas exchange in lower chordates
Higher chordates: Only present in the embryo

202
Q

What is a dorsal tubular nerve cord?

A

Nerve cord dorsal to notochord. Enlarges to form brain and constitutes the central nervous system

203
Q

What are three subphyla of chordates?

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Vertebrata
204
Q

What animals are included in urochordata?

A

Tunicates

205
Q

Describe the anatomy of larval tunicates

A

Only the free-swimming larva contain notochord and nerve cord

206
Q

When are notochord and nerve cord present in cephalochordata?

A

Notochord and nerve cord are present throughout their life

207
Q

What two classes of chordata are considered invertebrates?

A

Urochordates and cephalochordates

208
Q

What is characteristic of subphylum vertebrata?

A

Bony or cartilaginous vertebrae protect nerve cord

209
Q

When is notochord present in vertebrata?

A

Only in the embryo

210
Q

What kind of skeleton do vertebrata have?

A

Endoskeleton

211
Q

What are the advantages of an endoskeleton?

A

Allows much larger body seize with a lighter skeleton

212
Q

Describe the pharynx of vertebrates

A

Very muscular

213
Q

What is the purpose of the pharynx in many vertebrates?

A

Used to draw water over gills

214
Q

Describe the nervous system of vertebrates

A

Highly advanced with dorsal nerve cord and brain

215
Q

Describe the limbs of vertebrates

A

Paired limbs

216
Q

Where do fishes live?

A

Aquatic their entire life

217
Q

What is the relationship between fish and all aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Ancestors to all aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates

218
Q

What were the first animals to have jaws?

A

Fish

219
Q

What were the first animals to have a reduce number of appendages?

A

Fish

220
Q

What is significant about fish blood?

A

First animals to have red blood cells containing hemoglobin

221
Q

Describe the anatomy of a fish heart

A

2-chambered heart with 1 atrium and 1 ventricle

222
Q

How many circuits are in the fish circulatory system?

A

One circuit

223
Q

Describe countercurrent flow

A

Water and blood flow in opposite directions so that the water that has been most depleted of oxygen will line up with the blood that has just begun diffusion

224
Q

What is the advantage of countercurrent flow

A

The countercurrent system transfers 80-90% of the oxygen in water to blood vs. 50% of water in a same-current flow

225
Q

What superclass of fish were the earliest vertebrates?

A

Superclass agnatha (“without jaws”)

226
Q

What are two classes in the superclass agnatha?

A
  1. Myxini

2. Cephalaspidomorphi

227
Q

What animal is representative of class Myxini?

A

Hagfish

228
Q

What animal is representative of class cephalaspidomorphi?

A

Lamprey

229
Q

Describe the body shape of Hagfish (4 components)

A

(1) Scaleless (2) eel-like body with (3) no dorsal fin and (4) no paired appendages

230
Q

Describe the skeleton of hagfish

A

Cartilaginous endoskeleton

231
Q

What is significant about hagfish eyes?

A

Degenerate eyes make them effectively blind

232
Q

What do hagfish eat?

A

Scavage on dead or dying animals (not parasitic)

233
Q

What is an indication that hagfish are adapted to seawater environment?

A

body fluids are isotonic with seawater

234
Q

What is a the characteristic protective mechanism for hagfish?

A

Covered in slimy mucous

235
Q

Describe the body shape of Lamprey

A

(1) scaleless (2) eel-like body with (3) a dorsal fin and (4) no paired appendages

236
Q

Describe the skeleton of lampreys

A

Cartilaginous endoskeleton

237
Q

What is an indication that lampreys are adapted to freshwater environment?

A

Body fluids are hypotonic to salt water

238
Q

Describe lamprey eyesight

A

Well-developed eyes

239
Q

Are lampreys free-living or parasitic?

A

Both, many are parasitic

240
Q

What superclass of vertebrates have jaws?

A

Gnathostoma

241
Q

What are two classes in the superclass gnathostoma?

A
  1. Chondricthyes

2. Osteichthys

242
Q

What animals are in the class chondricthyes?

A

Sharks, skates and rays (cartilaginous jawed fishes)

243
Q

Describe the tail of chondricthyes

A

Heterocercal tail (asymmetrical bones)

244
Q

Where is the mouth located on chondricthyes?

A

Ventrally located below snout

245
Q

What kind of scales do sharks have?

A

Placoid scales

246
Q

What kind of skeleton do chondricthyes have?

A

Cartilaginous endoskeleton

247
Q

Why must sharks keep swimming to stay afloat?

A

They lack a swim bladder to aid buoyancy

248
Q

What is a big advancement in the chondricthyes for their sexual reproduction?

A

Internal fertilization

249
Q

What is it called when an animal lays a fertilized egg?

A

Oviparous

250
Q

What is it called when an animal gives life birth?

A

Viviparous

251
Q

What is it called when an animal retains eggs inside their body until hatching and then seemingly gives a live birth?

A

Ovoviviparous

252
Q

In viviparous animals what nourishes the embryo?

A

Mother’s placenta

253
Q

In oviparous animals what nourishes the embryo?

A

yolk of the egg

254
Q

Where does gas exchange occur for chondricthyes?

A

External gill slits

255
Q

Describe the skeleton of osteicthys

A

Bony endoskeleton

256
Q

Describe the tails of osteicthys

A

Homocercal tails (symmetrical)

257
Q

What three (3) types of cells do osteicthys have?

A
  1. Ctenoid (silent c)
  2. Cycloid
  3. Ganoid
258
Q

Where is the mouth located on osteicthys?

A

Terminal mouth

259
Q

What covers the gills of a bony fish?

A

Operculum

260
Q

What type of fertilization occurs in most bony fish?

A

External fertilization

261
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

Four limbed animals

262
Q

What two (2) fish most closely resembles tetrapods?

A
  1. Lung fish

2. Lobe-finned Fish

263
Q

When did tetrapods arise?

A

During the Devonian period in response to the drying of freshwater lakes

264
Q

What is significant about lung fish and lobe-finned fish mechanism of gas exchange?

A

Primitive lung made from a swim bladder absorbs oxygen and removes waste.

265
Q

What is significant about lung fish and lobe-finned fish circulatory system?

A

Double circulatory system

266
Q

What is significant about lobe-finned fish fins?

A

Well-developed fins allow them to crawl across land

Biology (9 decks)

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