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Biology > Chapters 1-7 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms bonded together

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1
Q

Atom

A

Building block all matter

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2
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6

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3
Q

Organelles

A

Components found within cells

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4
Q

Cells

A

Smallest unit of life

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5
Q

Tissues

A

Group of similar cells forming functional unit

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6
Q

Organ

A

Combination of tissue working together

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7
Q

Organ system

A

Combination of organs

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8
Q

Organism

A

The entire “critter”

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9
Q

Population

A

Localized group of organisms of same species

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community plus abiotic environment

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11
Q

Biosphere

A

All ecosystems of Earth with life

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12
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First to observe and describe cells in 1665

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13
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Made own microscopes, identified cells in pond water, blood, semen, ground over 500 lenses, 9 known to exist

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14
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

A

developed cell theory

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15
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. Cells are the fundamental units of structure
  2. Also fundamental units of function
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
  4. Cells contain genetic information
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16
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic are 10 X smaller
Prokaryotic are less complex
Eukaryotic have membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic has DNA contained inside the nucleus
Prokaryotic is bacteria and Archaea

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17
Q

Bacteria

A

Common prokaryotic cells

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18
Q

Archaea

A

Extreme and old prokaryotic cells

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19
Q

Eukarya

A
  1. Protista - unicellular organisms
  2. Plantae - plants
  3. Fungi - mushrooms, toadstools
  4. animalia - animals
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20
Q

Scientific method

A 
Make an observation
Ask a question
Formulate a hypothesis
Make a prediction 
Design an experiment
Reach a conclusion
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21
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Specific observations –> generalized

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22
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

General promise –> specific situation

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23
Q

Hypotheses

A

Very specific for a particular experiment

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24
Q

Theories

A

Broad generalizations that are supported by extensive and varied evidence
ex. Theory or Evolution, Quantum Theory

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25
Q

Law

A

Govern a single action; described mathematically

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26
Q

Basic science

A

Learning new things

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27
Q

Technology

A

Applying science to produce goods and services such as medicines, gene therapy, GMOs, etc.

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28
Q

Matter

A

Anything with mass and takes up space

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29
Q

Element

A

Cannot be broken down further by chemical reaction

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30
Q

Compound

A

Two or more elements combined

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31
Q

5 elements that make up 97% of human body

A

CHNOPS (chin ups)

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32
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Relatively weak bond between two polar molecules, indicated with dots

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33
Q

Properties or water

A 
Cohesive
Adhesive
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
Lower density as solid than liquid 
Excellent solvent
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34
Q

Cohesion

A

Holding together of “like” substances

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35
Q

Adhesion

A

Sticking together of “different” substances

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36
Q

As magnification increases, resolution

A

Increases, up to 1200X magnification

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37
Q

As magnification increases, brightness

A

Decreases

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38
Q

As magnification increases, field of view

A

Decreases

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39
Q

As magnification increases, depth of field

A

Decreases

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40
Q

pH is neutral

A

Concentration of H+ and OH- is equal

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41
Q

pH is acidic

A

Concentration of H+ > OH-

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42
Q

pH is basic

A

concentration of H+ < OH-

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43
Q

hydroxyl group

A

R - OH

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44
Q

Carbonyl group

A 
R
l
C = O
l
R
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45
Q

Carboxyl group

A

R - C = O
l
OH

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46
Q

Amino group

A

R- N - H
l
H

47
Q

Phosphate group

A 
OH           
            l
R - O - P = O
            l
           O
48
Q

monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar, 3-7 carbons

Ex. Glucose

49
Q

disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides linked

ex. Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

50
Q

polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides linked

51
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharides for food storage in plant

52
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharides food storage in animals

53
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharide in plants

54
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide in animal exoskeleton

55
Q

Lipid

A

Cannot be dissolved in water

56
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acid chains attached to one glycerol

57
Q

Saturated fats

A

All carbons are filled with hydrogens, solid at room temperature

58
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Not all carbons are filled with hydrogens, liquid at room temperature

59
Q

Function of triglycerides

A

Provides long term energy storage, insulates against cold, protects internal organs

60
Q

Phospholipids

A

Two fatty acid chains (hydrophobic tails) attached to a phosphate group (hydrophilic head)

61
Q

Micelle

A

Phospholipid ring structure

62
Q

Steroids

A

consists of 4 fused rings

Ex. Cholesterol and sex hormones of vertebrates

63
Q

Proteins

A

Major component of body. Form membranes, organelles, hormones, enzymes, toxins, muscle fibers, antibodies and more

64
Q

Amino acid

A

Building block of proteins

H               R              O
l                  l               ll
N      -        C      -      C
l                  l               l
H                H             OH

Left is amino group right is carboxyl
R is side chain which determines what amino acid it is

65
Q

Peptide bond

A

Type of covalent bond where the OH of carboxyl group has a dehydration reaction with a Hydrogen of Amine group creating a water molecule and bonding amino acids

66
Q

Primary structure

A

Chain of amino acids, 100% peptide bonds

67
Q

Secondary structure

A

Primary structure forms beta pleated sheets and alpha helix (both of them) with hydrogen bonds

68
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Secondary structure folds up
Bonds used are hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, disulfide bridge and ionic bonds
simple proteins stop here

69
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Two or more tertiary structures combine to make complex proteins
ex. Hemoglobin is 4 tertiary structures

70
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA pentose sugar is deoxyribose (missing oxygen in 2’ carbon of the ring)
RNA pentose sugar is ribose

DNA uses thymine
RNA uses Uracil

71
Q

Nitrogenous base combinations

A

Adenine goes with Thymine or Uracil

Cytosine goes with Guanine

72
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogenous bases with 2 rings, includes Adenine and Guanine

73
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Nitrogenous bases with 1 ring, included Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

74
Q

Nucleotide

A

3 Phosphate group + Pentose sugar + Nitrogenous base

75
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar + nitrogenous base

76
Q

Nucleotide residue

A

1 phosphate, pentose sugar and base

The bond holding phosphates breaks to make energy for building process

77
Q

Size of mycoplasmas (small bacteria)

A

.1 um - 1.0 um

78
Q

Size of bacteria

A

1-10 um

79
Q

Size of eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 um

Eukaryotic are 10 times bigger than bacteria

80
Q

Nucleus

A

Double-membrane bound region that contains DNA, has nuclear pores to allow RNA and proteins to pass

81
Q

Chromatin

A

Unwound granular looking DNA (interphase)

82
Q

Chromosome

A

wound up, stringy looking (prophase)

83
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No, DNA floats in cytoplasm area called nucleoid

84
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dark mass within nucleus

Combines proteins and ribosomal DNA to make ribosome subunit

85
Q

Ribosomes

A

Membraneless structure made of two subunits that makes proteins

86
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of canals that is continuous with nuclear envelope. Easier for travel because its not as thick as cytosol

87
Q

Rough ER

A

Endoplasmic reticulum containing ribosome

88
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double-membrane of nucleus

89
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Lipid production, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons

90
Q

Function of rough ER

A

Produces secretory proteins packaged in transport vesicles and also builds new membranes for use throughout the cell

91
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of membranous sacs, proteins are contained within the membrane and break off creating buds called transport vesicles and these vesicles merge with other membranes to dump contents or move throughout Golgi apparatus to modify the protein

92
Q

Cis face of Golgi apparatus

A

Receives transport vesicles from ER

93
Q

trans face of Golgi apparatus

A

Where transport vesicles are released

94
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Modified proteins (includes folding and combining tertiary and quaternary structures) as try pass through pancake like layers. In plats can produce some polysaccharides

Products are tagged with phosphate groups or proteins that help them reach their destination

95
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

Membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

96
Q

Lysosome function

A

Break down macromolecules of proteins, polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids

Membrane pumps H+ into lysosomes to balance pH

97
Q

Vacuoles and Vesicles

A

Membrane bound sacs

Vacuoles are larger than vesicles

98
Q

Contractual vacuoles

A

Regulate water in take of cells by spitting out water

99
Q

Mitochondria structure and function

A

Double-membrane bound organelle with finger like constructions in the center called Cristae and fluid called matrix.

Cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP

100
Q

Centricles structure and function

A

Made of micro tubules in a “9+0” configuration (9 on outside 0 on inside)

Organize spindle fibers in animal cells

101
Q

Cilia and Flagella structure

A

Microtubules in “9+2” structure

102
Q

Cilia and Flagella function

A

Used for locomotion or to move substances across cell membrane

103
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Fluid-like membrane with “iceberg” proteins floating in them

104
Q

Function of phospholipid bilayer

A

Flexible and allows small molecules to permeate

105
Q

Function of proteins in membrane

A

Give stability and allow other macromolecules to permeate membrane

106
Q

Carbohydrate side chain function in membrane

A

Cell-to-cell recognition, like whiskers to feel nearby cells

107
Q

Cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer

A

Found among phospholipid tails (lipid chains)

108
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of small particles of solute across selectively permeable membrane

109
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of the solvent across a selectively permeable membrane

110
Q

Isotonic

A

Same water/salt content

111
Q

Hypertonic

A

More salt, will cause water to move out of cells

112
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less salt, water crosses into cell and cell may burst

113
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier proteins move molecules across cell membrane but still follow concentration gradient

114
Q

Active transport

A

Carrier proteins move molecules against the concentration gradient, require energy

115
Q

Endocytosis

A

Extremely large particles are engulfed by the cell and lysosomes digest it

116
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vacuole or vesicle moves to the cell membrane and dumps its contents outside the cell

Biology (9 decks)

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