Chapters 8-10 Flashcards

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0
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical processes that occur within an organism. Energy is constantly being traded

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2
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Build larger molecules from less complex ones, requiring energy input

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3
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

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4
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can not be made nor destroyed only change shape

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5
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

All natural processes proceed in the direction if increasing entropy

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6
Q

Entropy

A

Randomness or disorder (if you don’t clean your room it will only get messier)

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7
Q

Characteristics of Heat

A

Most entropic form of energy and is produced in every step of energy transfer between organisms (often “lost to environment”)

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8
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Reactions that release energy

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9
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Reactions capture energy in cell

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10
Q

Coupled reactions

A

Exergonic reactions provide energy for endergonic reactions

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11
Q

Enzyme

A

A class of protein catalysts that lower the activation energy needed to get a chemical reaction going in cells

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12
Q

Structure of enzyme

A

3-dimensional and have an active site to which substrates bind to allow the reaction to occur. Each enzyme carries out a very specific function

Enzymes are not altered permanently and can be recycled

Each enzyme has an optimal temperature and pH to function

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13
Q

Cell wall

A

Limits water movement, maintains cell shape, protection. Cellulose is bonded with lignin for strength.

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14
Q

Central vacuole

A

Large vacuole in center of cell containing approximately 95% water, where digestion and metabolism occurs. Stores waste and pigments (in some red and blue flowers). Usually 1 or 2 central vacuoles per cell and may comprise 90% of cell volume.

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15
Q

Plastids

A

Organelle that gathers or stores food or contains pigments

Ex. Chloroplast and chromoplast

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll

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32
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction take place?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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33
Q

What wavelength does Photosystem I best work at?

A

700 nm

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34
Q

What wavelength does Photosystem II best work at?

A

680 nm

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35
Q

What happens for for light-dependent reaction to produce more ATP?

A

Cyclic electron flow sends electron from primary acceptor of Photosystem I back to cytochrome complex.

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36
Q

How does the primary acceptor replenish its electron?

A

Water is broken into hydrogen and oxygen. The electron is stripped into ions and electrons and the ions are out into the thylakoid space. The oxygen is released as waste

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37
Q

How is NADPH created?

A

NADP+ floating in stroma from the Calvin cycle is combined with the electron from Photosystem I to make NADPH. NADP+ is the final electron acceptor on the electron chain.

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38
Q

First phase of Calvin Cycle

A

Carbon fixation. 3 molecules of CO2 are attached to 3 molecules of Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBp) a 5-carbon molecule. Each of the six-molecules break in half and form 3-PGA, which has 3 carbon atoms.

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39
Q

Phase 2 of Calvin Cycle

A

6 molecules of ATP produced in the light-dependent reaction put a phosphate on the 6 3-PGA molecules. NADPH adds two electrons to each. This makes G3P and one of the 6 molecules leaves the cycle. Phase 2 is called reduction.

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40
Q

Phase 3 of Calvin cycle

A

5 remaining G3P go on to be regenerated. The 5 G3P (15 carbon atoms total) are rearranged with 3 ATP molecules and some other steps to make 3 5-carbon RuBp molecules.

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41
Q

Why is c3 photosynthesis ineffective?

A

Enzyme rubisco is only 75% effective because it sometimes picks up oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. On hot days stomata will close and this will cause Rubisco to make more mistakes as the oxygen level increases and carbon dioxide decreases.

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42
Q

Examples of c4 plants and how they differ?

A

An acid cycle and the Calvin cycle are separated spatially. The acid cycle takes place in the spongy and palisade mesophyll cells and the Calvin cycle takes place in the bundle sheath cells. The acid cycle uses an enzyme called PEP to pump carbon dioxide in the form of a 4-carbon chain Malate into the Calvin cycle. Examples of c4 plants include corn, sugar cane, crab grass.

43
Q

Explanation of CAM plant?

A

Temporally separated acid cycle and Calvin cycle. In the night time the stomata are opened and the CO2 is made into chains called crassulacean acid. During the day this acid is sent to rubisco in the Calvin cycle.

44
Q

Epidermis structure and function

A

Single layer of cells used to slow water loss. Secretes waxy cuticle. Within the epidermis are stomata.

45
Q

Stomata (sing. Stoma)

A

Openings in the epidermis that allow CO2 to enter the leaf and O2 to exit. Surrounded by guard cells.

46
Q

To open the stoma:

A
  1. K+ are pumped into the guard cells (requiring energy)
  2. Water enters the guard cells by osmosis (to dilute concentration)
  3. Guard cell becomes turgid and the turgor pressure opens the stoma.
47
Q

To close the stoma:

A
  1. K+ leaves the guard cells (through a protein)
  2. Water exits guard cells by osmosis
  3. Guard cell becomes flaccid and closes.

Opening of stomata is regulated by light, CO2 concentrations and an internal clock.

48
Q

What is a blue-light receptor

A

Receptor within the guard cell that detect the presence of blue light (the first wavelength to be shown in the morning) and aid stomatal opening

49
Q

What happens if there is not enough CO2 in the leaf?

A

The stomata can be forced to open

50
Q

What is biological clock

A

An internal rhythm. The plant in complete darkness will continue to open and close the stomata at around the same time.

51
Q

Vascular bundles structure and function

A

The veins of a lead. Contain Xylem cells which transport water and phloem cells which transport sugars. Surrounding these are the bundle sheath cells.

52
Q

First step of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis. Glucose is broken into two Pyruvates. 2 ATP are used but 4 ATP are yielded, thus glycolysis creates a net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

53
Q

Second step of cellular respiration?

A

2 Pyruvates become Acetyl CoA. 2 molecules of carbon dioxide are created as waste. 2 molecules of NADH are created but NO ATP is created.

54
Q

Third step of cellular respiration

A

Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle. Each Acetyl CoA is put around the cycle yielding 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2. Because two molecules of Acetyl CoA are created per glucose, this cycle creates a total of 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2.

55
Q

What happens after citric acid cycle?

A

The 2 NADH from the glycolysis, the 2 NADH from the transition reaction, the 6 NADH and the 2 FADH2 are out into the electron transport chain. The 10 NADH make 30 ATP and the 2 FADH2 make 4 ATP. This is 34 ATP plus 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from citric acid cycle make 38 ATP total.

56
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytosol, requires no oxygen.

57
Q

Where does transition reaction take place?

A

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted into Acetyl CoA.

58
Q

Where does citric acid cycle take place?

A

Matrix (fluid) of mitochondria.

59
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

Cristae (invaginations in mitochondria membrane)

NADH enters at top and makes 3 ATP, FADH2 enters later and makes 2 ATP

oxygen is final electron acceptor

Hydrogen and oxygen can combine to make metabolic water.

60
Q

What is Pyruvate?

A

Sugar made in glycolysis of glucose. C3H4O3

61
Q

What happens to Pyruvate in an anaerobic respiration?

A

In animals it will become lactic acid which causes sore muscles.

In yeast it is called fermentation and makes ethanol and CO2.

62
Q

What happens to Pyruvate in aerobic environment?

A

CO2, H20 and 36 ATP

63
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration not work?

A
  1. Pyruvate is being produced quickly.
  2. Insufficient O2 is reaching muscles
  3. Krebs cycle and ETC are blocked
  4. Pyruvate cannot enter Krebs cycle so it becomes lactate.
  5. Lactate lowers pH of muscles and causes soreness.
  6. Liver covers lactate into glucose but not 100% perfectly.
64
Q

Metabolism of carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates such as disaccharides and polysaccharides must be broken down into monosaccharides that are converted to glucose.

Glucose enters glycolysis.

65
Q

Metabolism of proteins

A

Proteins must be broken down into amino acids that are converted into Pyruvate of Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate enters transition reaction
Acetyl CoA enters Krebs Cycle

66
Q

Metabolism of fats

A

Broken down into glycerol, which is converted into Pyruvate and fatty acids which are converted into Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate enters transition reaction
Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle

67
Q

other names for electron transport chain

A

Electron transport system, respiratory chain

70
Q

Chromoplast

A

Contain carotenoids, accessory pigment

71
Q

Plasmodesma (plural plasmadesmata)

A

Tiny channels in the cell wall that allow communication between plant cell

72
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Double-layered membrane

73
Q

Lamella

A

Parallel sky-walk membrane that run the entire length of the chloroplast

74
Q

Granum (plural grana)

A

Multilayered coin shaped discs (single disk called a thylakoid) with high concentrations of chlorophyll

75
Q

Stroma

A

Clear region in the chloroplast that has no chlorophyll

76
Q

7 types of chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll a - blue-green w/ greatest impact

Chlorophyll b- yellow-green

c,d,e bacteriophyll and bacteriovirdin

77
Q

Accessory pigments

A

Assist chlorophyll “a” at start of photosynthesis

78
Q

Absorption spectra

A

Show the absorbance at a certain wavelength

79
Q

Action spectra

A

Shows the work being done in different wave lengths

80
Q

Purpose of accessory pigments?

A

They can catch wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a can’t

81
Q

Chemical Equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H20 + light –> 6O2 + 6(C6H12O6) + 6H20

82
Q

Name of area where 2 special chlorophyll a molecules are located in a photo system

A

Reaction center

83
Q

What happens when the light energy is transferred to the reaction center?

A

The chlorophyll a molecules throw their electrons in the primary acceptor.

84
Q

What happens as the electrons goes through the cytochrome complex?

A

The kinetic energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, and then active diffusion with ATP synthase pushes the hydrogen ions back into the stroma and the energy collected is used to attach a phosphate group onto a ADP.