29-30, 32-33 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the phylum name for liverworts?
A
Hepatophyta
2
Q
What is the phylum name for hornworts?
A
Anthocerrophyta
3
Q
What is the phylum name for mosses?
A
Bryophyta
4
Q
What are the three common names for the land plants in the Bryophytes
A
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
5
Q
What is a dependent embryo?
A
multicellular embryos are retained within the female parent and nourished by placental transfer cells
6
Q
What is the most conspicuous generation of the bryophytes?
A
gametophyte generation
7
Q
do bryophytes contains vascular tissue?
A
no, so they are close to the ground and are thinly layered
8
Q
What is an antheridiophore?
A
A male structure containing antheridia
9
Q
What is an archegoniophore?
A
A female structure contain archegonia
10
Q
What is an antheridium?
A
A male structure containing many sperm
11
Q
What is an archegonium?
A
A female stucture containing a single egg
12
Q
What is the 9 step life cycle of the bryophytes?
A
- Haploid spores land on soil.
- Spores germinate.
- Meristems bud from protonema and become male and female gametophytes. Rhizoids anchor gametophyte to soil.
- Male produce sperm in antheridia; Female produce egg in each archegonium.
- Sperm released in water droplets and swim into archegonium to fertilize egg.
- Diploid zygote grows inside archegonium
- Zygote grows into sporophyte with a seta and capsule.
- Meiosis occurs in capsule producing millions of spores.
- Spores are slowly released with gusts of wind.
13
Q
What is a seta?
A
A stalk
14
Q
What is a capsule?
A
A spore producing structure of sporophyte generation
15
Q
What is a thallus
A
a plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system
16
Q
What two phyla are members of the pteridophytes
A
Lycophyta and Pterophyta
17
Q
What are giant lycophytes?
A
Extinct lycophytes that were 2 m wide and 40 m tall that lived in swamps.
18
Q
What is the genus name of a horsetail?
A
Equisetum
19
Q
Describe a horsetail
A
a nonflowering plant with a hollow jointed stem that bears whorls of narrow leaves, producing spores in cones at the tips of the shoots
20
Q
What is the genus name of a whisk fern?
A
Psilotum
21
Q
Why are whisk ferns considered more primitive than most pteridophytes?
A
They lack true roots and leaves
22
Q
Describe a fern
A
a flowerless plant that has feathery fronds and reproduces by spores released from the undersides of the fronds. Ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.
23
Q
What is food-transporting vascular tissue called in plants?
A
Phloem
24
Q
What is water-transporting vascular tissue called in plants?
A
Xylem
25
Do pteridphytes have seeds?
no
26
What is the more conspicuous generation of pteridophytes?
Sporophyte generation
27
What is the 7 step life cycle of ferns
1. Spore lands in moist shaded area.
2. Spore grows into a heart-shaped prothallus (haploid).
3. Homosporous gametophyte produces archegonia and antheridia that mature at different times.
4. Sperm swim through moisture to archegonia and fertilize egg.
5. Diploid zygote grows into sporophyte.
6. Sporophyte produces sori on the under side of frond.
7. Spores land on moist soil.
28
What is a sorus?
a cluster of spore-producing sporangia on the underside of a fern frond.
29
What is the true root of a fern called?
Rhizome
30
What does homosporous mean?
produce a single spore that grows into a gametophyte with both archegonia and antheridia
31
what does heterosporous mean?
produce 2 different spores: megaspores and microspores
32
What are megaspores?
grow into gametophytes with only archegonia
33
What are microspores?
grow into gametophytes with only antheridia
34
what are young sporophyte ferns often called
fiddle heads
35
what are two extant lycophytas?
club mosses and ground pine
36
What phyla are in the angiosperms?
Anthophyta
37
What are the two main classes of anthophyta
Monocots and Eudicots
38
What is the difference in the embyros between monocots and eudicots?
Monocots: One cotyledon
Eudicots: Two cotyledons
39
What is the difference in the leaf venation between monocots and eudicots?
Monocots: veins usually parallel
Eudicots: veins usually netlike
40
What is the difference in the stems between monocots and eudicots?
Monocots: vascular tissue scattered
Eudicots: vascular tissue arranged in ring
41
What is the difference in the roots between monocots and eudicots?
Monocots: root system usually fibrous
Eudicots: taproot (one main root)
42
What is the difference in the pollen between monocots and eudicots?
Monocots: pollen grain with one opening
Eudicots: pollen grain with three openings
43
What is the difference in the flowers between monocots and eudicots?
Monocots: floral organs usually in multiples of three
Eudicots: floral organs usually in multiples of four or five
44
What is the purpose of the flower in an angiosperm?
To aid pollination by wind, insects and other animals.
45
What are the four (4) specialized leaves of the flower?
1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamens
4. Carpels
46
Describe the sepals of the flower(two components to answer)
(1) generally green and (2) protect the flower before it opens
47
Describe the petals of the flower
often colorful to attract pollinators
48
Describe the stamens of the flower (4 components to answer)
(1) male sporophylls that produce microspores [pollen] (2) that will grow into the haploid male gametophyte [pollen tube]. (3) stamen is made of an anther where pollen is made at the (4) end of a stalk called the filament
49
Describe the carpels of the flower (5 components to answer)
(1) female sporophylls that produce megaspores that will grow into the female gametophyte. (2) pollen attaches to the sticky (3) stigma and the pollen tube will grow down the (4) style to reach the (5) ovary
50
What is contained in the ovary of a flower?
Ovules
51
What happens to the ovules once they have been fertilized?
Develop into seeds
52
What are the entire set of petals called?
Corolla
53
What is a pistil?
A single carpel, or a group of fused carpels
54
What are the three (3) landmark stages of megasporogenesis?
1. Megaspore mother cell
2. Four nuclei stage
3. 8 nuclei stage (mature)
55
What is an ovule?
The integument (diploid tissue) and the haploid tissue
56
What is the name for the haploid tissue within an ovule?
Embryo sac
57
What is the name for the three nuclei at the end of the embryo sac?
Antipodal cells
58
What is the name for the two nuclei in the middle of the embryo sac
Polar nuclei
59
What is the name for the large nuclei at the opposite end of the antipodal cells within the embryo sac?
Egg
60
What is the name for the two nuclei flanking the egg in the embryo sac?
Synergids
61
What is a hilium?
A mark on the seed coat from the former attachment to the ovary wall. Example: "Black eye" of a black-eyed pea
62
Why did green algae make the transition (evolutionarily) to land plants?
Green algae along shores adapted to periods of drying
63
What are five (5) characteristics of plants not found in algae?
1. Apical Meristem
2. Dependent embryo
3. Alternation of Generation
4. Spores protected by walls
5. Gaemtes formed in multicellular gametangia
64
What is an apical meristem?
regions on tips of shoots and roots where mitosis occurs rapidly
65
what are placental transfer cells?
cells within female parent that nourish dependent embryo
66
what is another name for dependent embryos?
embryophytes
67
what is an advantage of plant sores being protected by walls? (2 components to answer)
(1) they can be dispersed through the dry air (2) unlike algal spores that must be dispersed through water
68
what is a female gametangia called
archegonia
69
what is the male gametangia called
antheridia
70
what does the gametophyte generation produce?
gametes
71
what does the sporophyte generation produce?
spores
72
what is the ploidy of gametophyte
haploid
73
what is the ploidy of sporophyte
diploid
74
does sporophyte use mitosis or meiosis to produce spores
meiosis
75
what are two (2) types of seed plants
1. gymnosperms (naked seeds)
| 2. angiosperms
76
what is the conspicuous generation of gymnosperms
sporophyte
77
what is the function of multi-celled seeds (3 components to answer)
(1) produced by gametophyte and replaces single-celled spore produced by sporophyte. (2) resistant and (3) packagedwith tiny sporophyte
78
what does heterosporous mean?
contains separate structures that produce megaspores and microspores
79
what is a megasporangia (2 components to answer)
(1) diploid structure that (2) produces megaspores
80
what is a microsporangia (2 components to answer)
(1) diploid structure that (2) produces microspores
81
what do megaspores develop into?
egg-containing female gametophyte
82
what do microspores develop into?
sperm-containing male gametophyte
83
what is the name of the sperm-containing male gametophyte for seed-bearing plants
pollen grains
84
what is one benefit of pollen?
eliminates water requirement for fertilization
85
what are three (3) characteristics of gymnosperms?
1. vascular tissue
2. seeds exposed on pine cone scales
3. appeared 360 million years ago
86
what are the four (4) phyla of gymnosperms?
1. ginkgophyta
2. cycadophyta
3. gnetophyta
4. coniferophyta
87
what are the scales on a pine cone called
sporophylls
88
what region of the world do coniferophyta flourish
northern hemisphere
89
describe three (3) adaptions by coniferophyta to the northern hemisphere conditions
1. most are evergreen
2. needle-shaped leaves prevent drying
3. tapered shape prevents snow from breaking branches
90
how do coniferophyta needles prevent drying? (2 components to answer)
(1) needles are covered with a thick cuticle and (2) stomata are sunken, reducing water loss
91
what is the sporophyte generation of coniferophyta?
the tree
92
what is the name of a male pine cone?
staminate or pollen cone
93
what is the name of a female pine cone?
ovulate cone
94
what is a micropyle?
a small hole on ovule that pollen tube enters to fertilize egg
95
how many ovules are in each sporophyll
two ovules
96
how many eggs are in each ovule of an ovulate cone
2-3 eggs (usually 2)
97
what is a megaspore mother cell? (2 components to answer)
(1) a diploid structure produced by megasporangium that (2) undergo meiosis to form eggs
98
how many sperm cells are in a coniferophyte pollen grain?
two
99
describe the fate of the megaspore mother cell (3 components to answer)
(1) undergoes meiosis. (2) 3/4 haploid cells disintegrate leaving 1 surviving haploid megaspore which (3) undergoes mitosis to produce a haploid multi-celled gametophyte with 2-3 eggs
100
what happens to the coniferophyte ovule once it has been fertilized? (3 components to answer)
(1) syngamy results in new diploid sporophyte that is (2) nourished by haploid gametophyte tissue (3) and becomes a seed.
101
what is the fate of the coniferophyte embryo after it has become a seed? (3 components to answer)
(1) seed eventually falls to the ground and becomes a seedling that is able to (2) make its own food by photosynthesis and (3) absorb nutrients with its roots
102
how many of each generation (sporophyte and gametophyte) are present in a pine seed?
2 sporophyte and 1 gametophyte generation
103
what is the hypothesized origin of the carpel of an angiosperm?
a modified sporophyll that rolled into a tube
104
What is the fruit of an angiosperm?
the mature ovary
105
what is a pericarp?
thickened wall of the mature ovary (ex. pea pod is pericarp and peas are ovules)
106
what are two (2) functions of fruit
1. protect seed
| 2. aid dispersal (wings, burrs)
107
what are simple fruits?
derived from a single ovary
108
what are two examples of simple fruits
1. cherry
| 2. soy bean pod
109
what is an aggregate fruit?
come form a single flower that has several carpels
110
what is an example of an aggregate fruit
1. blackberry
111
what is a "multiple fruit"
develop from a group of flowers in which the ovary walls fuse as the pericarp thickens
112
what is an example of a multiple fruit
pineapple
113
what is a dry fruit
dry pericarp that adheres tightly to the seed coat of the seed within
114
what are three examples of dry fruits
1. wheat
2. rice
3. corn
115
how many haploid cells are within the pollen grain of the male angiosperm gametophyte
two
116
describe the fate of a pollen grain after it attaches to the stigma (3 components to answer)
(1) pollen grain germinates and grows a pollen tube down the style. (2) each pollen grain has one tube nucleus that grows pollen tube and two sperm cells. (3) when it reaches the ovule, the pollen tube penetrates micropyle and releases two sperm cells
117
describe double fertilization of angiosperms
(1) one sperm fuses with the egg to create diploid zygote. (2) other sperm fuses with two haploid polar nuclei making a triploid endosperm which will nourish embryo
118
what happens if more than one egg gets fertilized in gymnosperms?
nothing special. only one embryo will develop
119
how does double fertilization aid efficiency of angiosperms?
sperm activate the formation of nutrients for the embryo (endosperm) so the plant doesn't need to waste energy on unfertilized ovules
120
what are cotyledons?
embryonic leaves inside the seed
121
how do most animals reproduce?
sexually
122
what ploidy dominates most animal cells?
diploid
123
describe the five (5) steps of zygote and embryonic development
1. zygote formation (sperm and egg)
2. zygote undergoes cleavage (cell division without growth) resulting in morula
3. cells move outward forming a blastula
4. gastrulation
5. embryonic tissues develop into adult structures
124
what is a morula
solid ball of embryonic cells
125
what is a blastula
hollow ball of embryonic cells
126
what is gastrulation
process of blastula cells moving inward to form embryonic layers
127
what is diploblastic organization?
entire body is derived from two embrynic tissue types
128
what are the two (2) embryonic tissue types in diploblastic organization
1. ectoderm (outside)
| 2. endoderm (inside)
129
what is blastocoele
fluid filled cavity surrounded by cells of blastula
130
what is gastrulation
movement of cells to form layers of embryonic tissues
131
what is mesoglea
fluid in Cnidaria secreted by epidermis or gastodermis (not a cellular substance)
132
what are the three (3) embryonic tissue types in triploblastic organization
1. ectoderm (outside)
2. Endoderm (inside)
3. Mesoderm (between ecto and endo)
133
what are the three groups of triploblastic animals based on body cavity
1. acoelomates
2. pseudocoelomates
3. eucoelomates
134
what makes an organism an acoelomate
lack a body cavity -- only have a gut
135
what makes an organism a pseudocoelomate
pseudocoel derived from blastocoel, not lined by peritoneum (there is no tissue between pseudocoel and gastrodermis)
136
what makes an organism a eucoelomate
have a true coelom entirely lined (tissue between gastrodermis and coelom) by peritoneum of mesodermal origin
137
what is the colonial hypothesis of multicellularity
(1) colonial species (like volvox) may have divided up labor losing ability to exist independently. (2) a colony of something like volvox could invaginate like a blastula to form tissue layers like a blastula
138
what is the syncytial hypothesis of multicellularity
multinucleated protists developed membranes between their nuclei to become multicellular
139
what is the argument in favor of polyphyletic origin of multicellularity?
multicelled animals were suddenly present in larage numbers in fossil record
140
what is the argument in favor of monophyletic origin of multicellularity
similarity in organelles, DA and other cell structures of all multicelled animals
141
describe asymmetry
no symmetry
142
describe spherical symmetry
any cut through any plane
143
describe radial symmetry
any cut through one plane
144
describe bilateral symmetry
one cut through one plane
145
what is the subkingdom of sponges
parazoa
146
why are sponges classified in a subkingdom
they have poorly defined tissues
147
what subkingdom do all other animals belong to?
eumetazoa
148
what are five characteristics of sponges
1. multicellular
2. poorly developed tissues
3. no organs
4. sessile adults
5. mostly marine (some freshwater)
149
what are four cell types found in sponges?
1. choanocytes
2. amoebocytes
3. pinacocytes
4. porocytes
150
describe choanocytes
flagella beat to aid water flow
151
describe amoebocytes
amoeboid cells that crawl about in the mesohyl
152
describe pinacocytes
form protective layer called pinacoderm
153
describe porocytes
doughtnup shaped cells that span the body wall
154
what are spicules
non living structures produced by amoebocytes made of silica or calcium carbonate
155
what is spongin
non living stiff fiber made of protein
156
what is an ostia
a hole in pinacoderm made by osteocytes
157
what is the spongocoel
the main body cavity of sponge
158
what is the osculum
the opening at the top of the sponge
159
what is the water flow through a sponge (3 steps)
1. ostia
2. spongocoel
3. osculum
160
describe sponge ingestion
filter feeders. choanocytes create water flow and trap food particles in their collar and then they are phagocytized
161
describe sponge digestion
intracellular; choanocytes pass food vacuoles to amoebocytes where lysosomes fuse for digestion
162
what is egestion?
remove parts of food that are nondigestible
163
describe sponge egestion
released by exocytosis into the spongocoel and washed out the osculum
164
what is excretion
remove post-metabolic wastes
165
describe sponge excretion
ammonia diffuses out into the spongocoel, then washed out the osculum
166
describe sponge gas exchange
oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves by diffusion
167
what are three (3) ways sponges asexually reproduce
1. regeneration
2. budding
3. gemmule formation
168
describe sponge regeneration
if a sponge is cut into pieces, each piece will grow into a new sponge
169
describe sponge budding
external bud breaks off and grows
170
describe sponge gemmule formation
packets of essential cells (gemmules) become covered in an outer coat of spicules and spongin. grows into a sponge in spring when conditions improve
171
are sponges monoecious or dioecious
monoecious (both sexes in one body)
172
describe the seven step process of sponge sexual reproduction
1. choanocytes lose collar and become sperm
2. sperm released into spongocoel and flow out osculum
3. sperm enter ostia of other sponges
4. sperm captured by choanocytes and transfered to an egg (choanocyte or amoebocyte depending on species)
5. sperm fertilizes egg
6. zygote grows into an aphiblastula
7. amphiblastula lands on substrate and grows into sponge
173
what is an amphiblastula
motile sponge larva with choanocytes on the outside
174
what are three (non-taxonomic) forms of sponges in order of size and describe them
1. asconoid (parallel walls)
2. syconoid (wavy walls)
3. leuconoid (highly convoluted walls)
175
what tissue organization do cnidaria have
diploblastic
176
what are three characteristics of cnidaria
1. radial symmetry
2. mesoglea
3. tentacles
177
what is a gastrovascular cavity?
internal space used for digestion and hydrostatic support
178
what is hydrostatic support
using water to keep firm and allow muscles to push against the water
179
what does it mean that cnidaria are dimorphic
Medusa stage - free swimming
| Polyp stage: sedentary and looks plant-like
180
what are two cnidaria sensory organs and their functions
1. statocysts - hollow cavity with solid particle that aids equilibrium
2. ocelli - detect light to aid in up vs down
181
what are nematocysts
stinging organelles used for defense and to capture prey
182
what cells are nematocysts located in
cnidocytes
183
what are 3 tips for treatment of jellyfish stings
1. lift (don't scrape) tentacles off skin
2. rinse with sea water
3. vinegar or urine inactivates nematocysts
184
describe jellyfish ingestion
cnidarians are carnivorous. have a single opening that serves as both a mouth and anus
185
describe jellyfish digestion
extracellular digestion of large food particles begins in GVC; phagocytosis by gastrodermal cells results in intracellular digestion
186
describe jellyfish egestion
undigested food is expelled through mouth
187
describe jellyfish circulatory system
none but GC helps distribute nutrients and gases
188
describe jellyfish excretory system
none, ammonia diffuses out through epidermis and gastrodermis
189
describe respiratory system
gas exchange by diffusion through epidermis and gastrodermis
190
describe nervous system
neurons arranged in nerve net
191
what are three classes of phylum cnidaria?
1. Hydrozoa
2. Scyphozoa
3. Anthozoa
192
describe hydrozoa and give two examples
1. Both polyp and medusa are present
| 2. Hydra and Obelia
193
describe scyphozoa and give an example
1. polyp stage reduced or absent (true jellies)
| 2. Aurelia
194
describe anthozoa and give two examples
1. no medusa stage
| 2. corals and sea anemones
195
what is the name of hydrozoa larva?
planula
196
what is the name for the side of the jellyfish with the mouth?
oral
197
what is the name for the side of the jellyfish opposite of the mouth?
aboral
198
how do hydra reproduce sexually?
forming ovaries and testes
199
how do hydra reproduce asexually
by budding
200
what is the part of the medusa between the oral arm and the gastrovascular cavity?
manubrium
201
what is the name of the entire polyp feeding structure?
hydranth
202
what is the name of the entire polyp reproductive structure?
gonangium
203
what are the names of the stages of the aurelia (scyphozoa) life cycle
1. planula
2. scyphistoma
3. strobila (strobilation is when a nested cup detaches)
4. ephyra matures into medusa
