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29-30, 32-33 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the phylum name for liverworts?

A

Hepatophyta

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2
Q

What is the phylum name for hornworts?

A

Anthocerrophyta

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3
Q

What is the phylum name for mosses?

A

Bryophyta

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4
Q

What are the three common names for the land plants in the Bryophytes

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

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5
Q

What is a dependent embryo?

A

multicellular embryos are retained within the female parent and nourished by placental transfer cells

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6
Q

What is the most conspicuous generation of the bryophytes?

A

gametophyte generation

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7
Q

do bryophytes contains vascular tissue?

A

no, so they are close to the ground and are thinly layered

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8
Q

What is an antheridiophore?

A

A male structure containing antheridia

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9
Q

What is an archegoniophore?

A

A female structure contain archegonia

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10
Q

What is an antheridium?

A

A male structure containing many sperm

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11
Q

What is an archegonium?

A

A female stucture containing a single egg

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12
Q

What is the 9 step life cycle of the bryophytes?

A
  1. Haploid spores land on soil.
  2. Spores germinate.
  3. Meristems bud from protonema and become male and female gametophytes. Rhizoids anchor gametophyte to soil.
  4. Male produce sperm in antheridia; Female produce egg in each archegonium.
  5. Sperm released in water droplets and swim into archegonium to fertilize egg.
  6. Diploid zygote grows inside archegonium
  7. Zygote grows into sporophyte with a seta and capsule.
  8. Meiosis occurs in capsule producing millions of spores.
  9. Spores are slowly released with gusts of wind.
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13
Q

What is a seta?

A

A stalk

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14
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A spore producing structure of sporophyte generation

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15
Q

What is a thallus

A

a plant body that is not differentiated into stem and leaves and lacks true roots and a vascular system

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16
Q

What two phyla are members of the pteridophytes

A

Lycophyta and Pterophyta

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17
Q

What are giant lycophytes?

A

Extinct lycophytes that were 2 m wide and 40 m tall that lived in swamps.

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18
Q

What is the genus name of a horsetail?

A

Equisetum

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19
Q

Describe a horsetail

A

a nonflowering plant with a hollow jointed stem that bears whorls of narrow leaves, producing spores in cones at the tips of the shoots

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20
Q

What is the genus name of a whisk fern?

A

Psilotum

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21
Q

Why are whisk ferns considered more primitive than most pteridophytes?

A

They lack true roots and leaves

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22
Q

Describe a fern

A

a flowerless plant that has feathery fronds and reproduces by spores released from the undersides of the fronds. Ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.

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23
Q

What is food-transporting vascular tissue called in plants?

A

Phloem

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24
Q

What is water-transporting vascular tissue called in plants?

A

Xylem

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25
Q

Do pteridphytes have seeds?

A

no

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26
Q

What is the more conspicuous generation of pteridophytes?

A

Sporophyte generation

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27
Q

What is the 7 step life cycle of ferns

A
  1. Spore lands in moist shaded area.
  2. Spore grows into a heart-shaped prothallus (haploid).
  3. Homosporous gametophyte produces archegonia and antheridia that mature at different times.
  4. Sperm swim through moisture to archegonia and fertilize egg.
  5. Diploid zygote grows into sporophyte.
  6. Sporophyte produces sori on the under side of frond.
  7. Spores land on moist soil.
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28
Q

What is a sorus?

A

a cluster of spore-producing sporangia on the underside of a fern frond.

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29
Q

What is the true root of a fern called?

A

Rhizome

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30
Q

What does homosporous mean?

A

produce a single spore that grows into a gametophyte with both archegonia and antheridia

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31
Q

what does heterosporous mean?

A

produce 2 different spores: megaspores and microspores

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32
Q

What are megaspores?

A

grow into gametophytes with only archegonia

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33
Q

What are microspores?

A

grow into gametophytes with only antheridia

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34
Q

what are young sporophyte ferns often called

A

fiddle heads

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35
Q

what are two extant lycophytas?

A

club mosses and ground pine

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36
Q

What phyla are in the angiosperms?

A

Anthophyta

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37
Q

What are the two main classes of anthophyta

A

Monocots and Eudicots

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38
Q

What is the difference in the embyros between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots: One cotyledon
Eudicots: Two cotyledons

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39
Q

What is the difference in the leaf venation between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots: veins usually parallel
Eudicots: veins usually netlike

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40
Q

What is the difference in the stems between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots: vascular tissue scattered
Eudicots: vascular tissue arranged in ring

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41
Q

What is the difference in the roots between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots: root system usually fibrous
Eudicots: taproot (one main root)

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42
Q

What is the difference in the pollen between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots: pollen grain with one opening
Eudicots: pollen grain with three openings

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43
Q

What is the difference in the flowers between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots: floral organs usually in multiples of three
Eudicots: floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

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44
Q

What is the purpose of the flower in an angiosperm?

A

To aid pollination by wind, insects and other animals.

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45
Q

What are the four (4) specialized leaves of the flower?

A
  1. Sepals
  2. Petals
  3. Stamens
  4. Carpels
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46
Q

Describe the sepals of the flower(two components to answer)

A

(1) generally green and (2) protect the flower before it opens

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47
Q

Describe the petals of the flower

A

often colorful to attract pollinators

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48
Q

Describe the stamens of the flower (4 components to answer)

A

(1) male sporophylls that produce microspores [pollen] (2) that will grow into the haploid male gametophyte [pollen tube]. (3) stamen is made of an anther where pollen is made at the (4) end of a stalk called the filament

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49
Q

Describe the carpels of the flower (5 components to answer)

A

(1) female sporophylls that produce megaspores that will grow into the female gametophyte. (2) pollen attaches to the sticky (3) stigma and the pollen tube will grow down the (4) style to reach the (5) ovary

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50
Q

What is contained in the ovary of a flower?

A

Ovules

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51
Q

What happens to the ovules once they have been fertilized?

A

Develop into seeds

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52
Q

What are the entire set of petals called?

A

Corolla

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53
Q

What is a pistil?

A

A single carpel, or a group of fused carpels

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54
Q

What are the three (3) landmark stages of megasporogenesis?

A
  1. Megaspore mother cell
  2. Four nuclei stage
  3. 8 nuclei stage (mature)
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55
Q

What is an ovule?

A

The integument (diploid tissue) and the haploid tissue

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56
Q

What is the name for the haploid tissue within an ovule?

A

Embryo sac

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57
Q

What is the name for the three nuclei at the end of the embryo sac?

A

Antipodal cells

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58
Q

What is the name for the two nuclei in the middle of the embryo sac

A

Polar nuclei

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59
Q

What is the name for the large nuclei at the opposite end of the antipodal cells within the embryo sac?

A

Egg

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60
Q

What is the name for the two nuclei flanking the egg in the embryo sac?

A

Synergids

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61
Q

What is a hilium?

A

A mark on the seed coat from the former attachment to the ovary wall. Example: “Black eye” of a black-eyed pea

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62
Q

Why did green algae make the transition (evolutionarily) to land plants?

A

Green algae along shores adapted to periods of drying

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63
Q

What are five (5) characteristics of plants not found in algae?

A
  1. Apical Meristem
  2. Dependent embryo
  3. Alternation of Generation
  4. Spores protected by walls
  5. Gaemtes formed in multicellular gametangia
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64
Q

What is an apical meristem?

A

regions on tips of shoots and roots where mitosis occurs rapidly

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65
Q

what are placental transfer cells?

A

cells within female parent that nourish dependent embryo

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66
Q

what is another name for dependent embryos?

A

embryophytes

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67
Q

what is an advantage of plant sores being protected by walls? (2 components to answer)

A

(1) they can be dispersed through the dry air (2) unlike algal spores that must be dispersed through water

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68
Q

what is a female gametangia called

A

archegonia

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69
Q

what is the male gametangia called

A

antheridia

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70
Q

what does the gametophyte generation produce?

A

gametes

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71
Q

what does the sporophyte generation produce?

A

spores

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72
Q

what is the ploidy of gametophyte

A

haploid

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73
Q

what is the ploidy of sporophyte

A

diploid

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74
Q

does sporophyte use mitosis or meiosis to produce spores

A

meiosis

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75
Q

what are two (2) types of seed plants

A
  1. gymnosperms (naked seeds)

2. angiosperms

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76
Q

what is the conspicuous generation of gymnosperms

A

sporophyte

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77
Q

what is the function of multi-celled seeds (3 components to answer)

A

(1) produced by gametophyte and replaces single-celled spore produced by sporophyte. (2) resistant and (3) packagedwith tiny sporophyte

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78
Q

what does heterosporous mean?

A

contains separate structures that produce megaspores and microspores

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79
Q

what is a megasporangia (2 components to answer)

A

(1) diploid structure that (2) produces megaspores

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80
Q

what is a microsporangia (2 components to answer)

A

(1) diploid structure that (2) produces microspores

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81
Q

what do megaspores develop into?

A

egg-containing female gametophyte

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82
Q

what do microspores develop into?

A

sperm-containing male gametophyte

83
Q

what is the name of the sperm-containing male gametophyte for seed-bearing plants

A

pollen grains

84
Q

what is one benefit of pollen?

A

eliminates water requirement for fertilization

85
Q

what are three (3) characteristics of gymnosperms?

A
  1. vascular tissue
  2. seeds exposed on pine cone scales
  3. appeared 360 million years ago
86
Q

what are the four (4) phyla of gymnosperms?

A
  1. ginkgophyta
  2. cycadophyta
  3. gnetophyta
  4. coniferophyta
87
Q

what are the scales on a pine cone called

A

sporophylls

88
Q

what region of the world do coniferophyta flourish

A

northern hemisphere

89
Q

describe three (3) adaptions by coniferophyta to the northern hemisphere conditions

A
  1. most are evergreen
  2. needle-shaped leaves prevent drying
  3. tapered shape prevents snow from breaking branches
90
Q

how do coniferophyta needles prevent drying? (2 components to answer)

A

(1) needles are covered with a thick cuticle and (2) stomata are sunken, reducing water loss

91
Q

what is the sporophyte generation of coniferophyta?

A

the tree

92
Q

what is the name of a male pine cone?

A

staminate or pollen cone

93
Q

what is the name of a female pine cone?

A

ovulate cone

94
Q

what is a micropyle?

A

a small hole on ovule that pollen tube enters to fertilize egg

95
Q

how many ovules are in each sporophyll

A

two ovules

96
Q

how many eggs are in each ovule of an ovulate cone

A

2-3 eggs (usually 2)

97
Q

what is a megaspore mother cell? (2 components to answer)

A

(1) a diploid structure produced by megasporangium that (2) undergo meiosis to form eggs

98
Q

how many sperm cells are in a coniferophyte pollen grain?

A

two

99
Q

describe the fate of the megaspore mother cell (3 components to answer)

A

(1) undergoes meiosis. (2) 3/4 haploid cells disintegrate leaving 1 surviving haploid megaspore which (3) undergoes mitosis to produce a haploid multi-celled gametophyte with 2-3 eggs

100
Q

what happens to the coniferophyte ovule once it has been fertilized? (3 components to answer)

A

(1) syngamy results in new diploid sporophyte that is (2) nourished by haploid gametophyte tissue (3) and becomes a seed.

101
Q

what is the fate of the coniferophyte embryo after it has become a seed? (3 components to answer)

A

(1) seed eventually falls to the ground and becomes a seedling that is able to (2) make its own food by photosynthesis and (3) absorb nutrients with its roots

102
Q

how many of each generation (sporophyte and gametophyte) are present in a pine seed?

A

2 sporophyte and 1 gametophyte generation

103
Q

what is the hypothesized origin of the carpel of an angiosperm?

A

a modified sporophyll that rolled into a tube

104
Q

What is the fruit of an angiosperm?

A

the mature ovary

105
Q

what is a pericarp?

A

thickened wall of the mature ovary (ex. pea pod is pericarp and peas are ovules)

106
Q

what are two (2) functions of fruit

A
  1. protect seed

2. aid dispersal (wings, burrs)

107
Q

what are simple fruits?

A

derived from a single ovary

108
Q

what are two examples of simple fruits

A
  1. cherry

2. soy bean pod

109
Q

what is an aggregate fruit?

A

come form a single flower that has several carpels

110
Q

what is an example of an aggregate fruit

A
  1. blackberry
111
Q

what is a “multiple fruit”

A

develop from a group of flowers in which the ovary walls fuse as the pericarp thickens

112
Q

what is an example of a multiple fruit

A

pineapple

113
Q

what is a dry fruit

A

dry pericarp that adheres tightly to the seed coat of the seed within

114
Q

what are three examples of dry fruits

A
  1. wheat
  2. rice
  3. corn
115
Q

how many haploid cells are within the pollen grain of the male angiosperm gametophyte

A

two

116
Q

describe the fate of a pollen grain after it attaches to the stigma (3 components to answer)

A

(1) pollen grain germinates and grows a pollen tube down the style. (2) each pollen grain has one tube nucleus that grows pollen tube and two sperm cells. (3) when it reaches the ovule, the pollen tube penetrates micropyle and releases two sperm cells

117
Q

describe double fertilization of angiosperms

A

(1) one sperm fuses with the egg to create diploid zygote. (2) other sperm fuses with two haploid polar nuclei making a triploid endosperm which will nourish embryo

118
Q

what happens if more than one egg gets fertilized in gymnosperms?

A

nothing special. only one embryo will develop

119
Q

how does double fertilization aid efficiency of angiosperms?

A

sperm activate the formation of nutrients for the embryo (endosperm) so the plant doesn’t need to waste energy on unfertilized ovules

120
Q

what are cotyledons?

A

embryonic leaves inside the seed

121
Q

how do most animals reproduce?

A

sexually

122
Q

what ploidy dominates most animal cells?

A

diploid

123
Q

describe the five (5) steps of zygote and embryonic development

A
  1. zygote formation (sperm and egg)
  2. zygote undergoes cleavage (cell division without growth) resulting in morula
  3. cells move outward forming a blastula
  4. gastrulation
  5. embryonic tissues develop into adult structures
124
Q

what is a morula

A

solid ball of embryonic cells

125
Q

what is a blastula

A

hollow ball of embryonic cells

126
Q

what is gastrulation

A

process of blastula cells moving inward to form embryonic layers

127
Q

what is diploblastic organization?

A

entire body is derived from two embrynic tissue types

128
Q

what are the two (2) embryonic tissue types in diploblastic organization

A
  1. ectoderm (outside)

2. endoderm (inside)

129
Q

what is blastocoele

A

fluid filled cavity surrounded by cells of blastula

130
Q

what is gastrulation

A

movement of cells to form layers of embryonic tissues

131
Q

what is mesoglea

A

fluid in Cnidaria secreted by epidermis or gastodermis (not a cellular substance)

132
Q

what are the three (3) embryonic tissue types in triploblastic organization

A
  1. ectoderm (outside)
  2. Endoderm (inside)
  3. Mesoderm (between ecto and endo)
133
Q

what are the three groups of triploblastic animals based on body cavity

A
  1. acoelomates
  2. pseudocoelomates
  3. eucoelomates
134
Q

what makes an organism an acoelomate

A

lack a body cavity – only have a gut

135
Q

what makes an organism a pseudocoelomate

A

pseudocoel derived from blastocoel, not lined by peritoneum (there is no tissue between pseudocoel and gastrodermis)

136
Q

what makes an organism a eucoelomate

A

have a true coelom entirely lined (tissue between gastrodermis and coelom) by peritoneum of mesodermal origin

137
Q

what is the colonial hypothesis of multicellularity

A

(1) colonial species (like volvox) may have divided up labor losing ability to exist independently. (2) a colony of something like volvox could invaginate like a blastula to form tissue layers like a blastula

138
Q

what is the syncytial hypothesis of multicellularity

A

multinucleated protists developed membranes between their nuclei to become multicellular

139
Q

what is the argument in favor of polyphyletic origin of multicellularity?

A

multicelled animals were suddenly present in larage numbers in fossil record

140
Q

what is the argument in favor of monophyletic origin of multicellularity

A

similarity in organelles, DA and other cell structures of all multicelled animals

141
Q

describe asymmetry

A

no symmetry

142
Q

describe spherical symmetry

A

any cut through any plane

143
Q

describe radial symmetry

A

any cut through one plane

144
Q

describe bilateral symmetry

A

one cut through one plane

145
Q

what is the subkingdom of sponges

A

parazoa

146
Q

why are sponges classified in a subkingdom

A

they have poorly defined tissues

147
Q

what subkingdom do all other animals belong to?

A

eumetazoa

148
Q

what are five characteristics of sponges

A
  1. multicellular
  2. poorly developed tissues
  3. no organs
  4. sessile adults
  5. mostly marine (some freshwater)
149
Q

what are four cell types found in sponges?

A
  1. choanocytes
  2. amoebocytes
  3. pinacocytes
  4. porocytes
150
Q

describe choanocytes

A

flagella beat to aid water flow

151
Q

describe amoebocytes

A

amoeboid cells that crawl about in the mesohyl

152
Q

describe pinacocytes

A

form protective layer called pinacoderm

153
Q

describe porocytes

A

doughtnup shaped cells that span the body wall

154
Q

what are spicules

A

non living structures produced by amoebocytes made of silica or calcium carbonate

155
Q

what is spongin

A

non living stiff fiber made of protein

156
Q

what is an ostia

A

a hole in pinacoderm made by osteocytes

157
Q

what is the spongocoel

A

the main body cavity of sponge

158
Q

what is the osculum

A

the opening at the top of the sponge

159
Q

what is the water flow through a sponge (3 steps)

A
  1. ostia
  2. spongocoel
  3. osculum
160
Q

describe sponge ingestion

A

filter feeders. choanocytes create water flow and trap food particles in their collar and then they are phagocytized

161
Q

describe sponge digestion

A

intracellular; choanocytes pass food vacuoles to amoebocytes where lysosomes fuse for digestion

162
Q

what is egestion?

A

remove parts of food that are nondigestible

163
Q

describe sponge egestion

A

released by exocytosis into the spongocoel and washed out the osculum

164
Q

what is excretion

A

remove post-metabolic wastes

165
Q

describe sponge excretion

A

ammonia diffuses out into the spongocoel, then washed out the osculum

166
Q

describe sponge gas exchange

A

oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves by diffusion

167
Q

what are three (3) ways sponges asexually reproduce

A
  1. regeneration
  2. budding
  3. gemmule formation
168
Q

describe sponge regeneration

A

if a sponge is cut into pieces, each piece will grow into a new sponge

169
Q

describe sponge budding

A

external bud breaks off and grows

170
Q

describe sponge gemmule formation

A

packets of essential cells (gemmules) become covered in an outer coat of spicules and spongin. grows into a sponge in spring when conditions improve

171
Q

are sponges monoecious or dioecious

A

monoecious (both sexes in one body)

172
Q

describe the seven step process of sponge sexual reproduction

A
  1. choanocytes lose collar and become sperm
  2. sperm released into spongocoel and flow out osculum
  3. sperm enter ostia of other sponges
  4. sperm captured by choanocytes and transfered to an egg (choanocyte or amoebocyte depending on species)
  5. sperm fertilizes egg
  6. zygote grows into an aphiblastula
  7. amphiblastula lands on substrate and grows into sponge
173
Q

what is an amphiblastula

A

motile sponge larva with choanocytes on the outside

174
Q

what are three (non-taxonomic) forms of sponges in order of size and describe them

A
  1. asconoid (parallel walls)
  2. syconoid (wavy walls)
  3. leuconoid (highly convoluted walls)
175
Q

what tissue organization do cnidaria have

A

diploblastic

176
Q

what are three characteristics of cnidaria

A
  1. radial symmetry
  2. mesoglea
  3. tentacles
177
Q

what is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

internal space used for digestion and hydrostatic support

178
Q

what is hydrostatic support

A

using water to keep firm and allow muscles to push against the water

179
Q

what does it mean that cnidaria are dimorphic

A

Medusa stage - free swimming

Polyp stage: sedentary and looks plant-like

180
Q

what are two cnidaria sensory organs and their functions

A
  1. statocysts - hollow cavity with solid particle that aids equilibrium
  2. ocelli - detect light to aid in up vs down
181
Q

what are nematocysts

A

stinging organelles used for defense and to capture prey

182
Q

what cells are nematocysts located in

A

cnidocytes

183
Q

what are 3 tips for treatment of jellyfish stings

A
  1. lift (don’t scrape) tentacles off skin
  2. rinse with sea water
  3. vinegar or urine inactivates nematocysts
184
Q

describe jellyfish ingestion

A

cnidarians are carnivorous. have a single opening that serves as both a mouth and anus

185
Q

describe jellyfish digestion

A

extracellular digestion of large food particles begins in GVC; phagocytosis by gastrodermal cells results in intracellular digestion

186
Q

describe jellyfish egestion

A

undigested food is expelled through mouth

187
Q

describe jellyfish circulatory system

A

none but GC helps distribute nutrients and gases

188
Q

describe jellyfish excretory system

A

none, ammonia diffuses out through epidermis and gastrodermis

189
Q

describe respiratory system

A

gas exchange by diffusion through epidermis and gastrodermis

190
Q

describe nervous system

A

neurons arranged in nerve net

191
Q

what are three classes of phylum cnidaria?

A
  1. Hydrozoa
  2. Scyphozoa
  3. Anthozoa
192
Q

describe hydrozoa and give two examples

A
  1. Both polyp and medusa are present

2. Hydra and Obelia

193
Q

describe scyphozoa and give an example

A
  1. polyp stage reduced or absent (true jellies)

2. Aurelia

194
Q

describe anthozoa and give two examples

A
  1. no medusa stage

2. corals and sea anemones

195
Q

what is the name of hydrozoa larva?

A

planula

196
Q

what is the name for the side of the jellyfish with the mouth?

A

oral

197
Q

what is the name for the side of the jellyfish opposite of the mouth?

A

aboral

198
Q

how do hydra reproduce sexually?

A

forming ovaries and testes

199
Q

how do hydra reproduce asexually

A

by budding

200
Q

what is the part of the medusa between the oral arm and the gastrovascular cavity?

A

manubrium

201
Q

what is the name of the entire polyp feeding structure?

A

hydranth

202
Q

what is the name of the entire polyp reproductive structure?

A

gonangium

203
Q

what are the names of the stages of the aurelia (scyphozoa) life cycle

A
  1. planula
  2. scyphistoma
  3. strobila (strobilation is when a nested cup detaches)
  4. ephyra matures into medusa

Biology (9 decks)

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