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Biology > Chapters 12-15 > Flashcards

Chapters 12-15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Synthesis (S)

A

DNA replication (DNA replication is the only replication not involved in G1)

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1
Q

Gap 1 Phase

A

growth of cell and synthesis of cytoplasmic organelle

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2
Q

Gap 2 Phase

A

synthesis of structures involved in cell division. (Ex. microtubules)

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3
Q

Mitosis (M) = Karyokinesis

A

“chromosome splitting” chromosomes condense and separate into 2 nuclei

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4
Q

Cytominesis

A

“Cell splitting” the cytoplasm separates into 2 cells

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5
Q

Interphase

A

Gap 1, Synthesis and Gap 2 are collectively called this. The cell is very biologically active at this time.

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6
Q

how much time do cells spend in mitosis?

A

5-15% of lifetime but varies among organs.

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7
Q

how long do blood marrow cells spend in mitosis?

A

Divide rapidly to replace worn out blood cells (120 days = life of a red blood cell)

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8
Q

How long do neurons (nerve cells) spend in mitosis?

A

neurons divide very slowly, or not at all in adults. Cycle stops in gap 1 stage (at the Gap 1 checkpoint) and exits the cell cycle into G0 phase.

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9
Q

how long do liver cells spend in mitosis?

A

liver cells divide rapidly to replace missing tissue but slowly otherwise

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10
Q

chromosome

A

a strand of DNA that has wound up tightly causing it to be visible in the microscope

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11
Q

centromere

A

constricted region of the chromosome with associated proteins

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12
Q

sister chromatids

A

2 identical copies of the same chromosome

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13
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that are the same length, have centromeres in the same location, and carry genes for the same traits (e.g. eye color or blood type). One comes from your father, the other comes from your mother.

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14
Q

how do you count the number of chromosomes?

A

count the number of centromeres

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15
Q

Interphase role in Mitotic Division

A

no condensation of chromatin

cant tell the number of chromosomes through a microscope

nuclear envelope present

nucleolus present at nucleolar organizer region

centrosomes paired side-by-side (not found in plants)

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16
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes

chromosomes massed in center of cell

nuclear envelope disappears

nucleolus disappears

spindle fibers, made of microtubules attached end-to-end, form between the migrating centrioles and attach to kinetochores of each sister chromatid.

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17
Q

kinetochore

A

disk-shaped proteins found on the centromere of the chromosome. allows spindle fibers to push and pull the chromosomes into place.

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18
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes are fully condensed

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate by the spindle fibers in a 1X1 pattern

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19
Q

Anaphase

A

spindle fibers push and pull sister chromatids to separate poles of the cell.

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20
Q

Telophase

A

two nuclei are now forming

chromosomes unwind into chromatin

nuclear envelope reappears

nucleoli reappear

spindle fibers break down

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21
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

where the animal cell pinches off in cytokinesis. made of contractile ring of microfilaments that work like a draw string.

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22
Q

cell plate

A

cytokinesis of plant cells

  1. vesicles form
  2. vesicles fuse into cell plate
  3. cell plate fuses with cell wall
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23
Q

meiosis

A

nuclear division that produces 4 daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.

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24
Q

Gametes

A

egg or sperm. result of meiosis and are haploid.

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25
Q

another name for Meiosis

A

reduction-division because chromosome numbers are reuced by half during Meiosis I, then sister chromatids are separated in Meiosis II.

26
Q

Prophase I

A

homologous chromosomes (mom and dad) pair up during a process called synapsis

during synapsis some homologous chromosomes break and swap places. this is called recombination

27
Q

chiasmata

A

location where homologous chromosomes touch. this is where recombination is occuring

28
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes line up at metaphase plate 2-by-2. these sets of homologous chromosomes are called tetrads.

29
Q

Anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

sister chromatids are STILL connected.

30
Q

Telophase I

A

the two cells that will be formed by cytokinesis will have only half as many chromosomes as the original parent cell.

however there is still the same amount of DNA material as a somatic cell

31
Q

Prophase II

A

meiosis II begins

32
Q

Metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up 1 by 1 at metaphase plate

33
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart to separate poles

34
Q

Telophase II

A

end result is four haploid gametes

35
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of sperm via meiosis

36
Q

First step of Spermatogenesis

A

Maturation. Diploid spermatogonium matures into a diploid primary spermatocyte.

37
Q

second step of spermatogenesis

A

Meiosis I. Primary spermatocyte divides into two haploid Spermatocytes.

38
Q

Third step of spermatogenesis

A

Meiosis II. Two haploid Secondary divide into a total of four haploid Spermatids.

39
Q

final step of spermatogenesis

A

maturation. four haploid spermatids mature into four haploid sperm.

40
Q

Three steps of Oogensis

A

Oogonium matures into diploid primary oocyte. Meiosis I splits primary oocyte into two haploid cells, the secondary oocyte and a polar body. Meiosis II splits the secondary oocyte into an ovum and a polar body and the one haploid polar body into two haploid polar bodies.

41
Q

Zygote

A

the single cell resulting from fusion of the sperm with the ovum. is a diploid cell

42
Q

embryo

A

result of zygote undergoing mitosis. the division is called cleavage and the cell gets smaller each time they divide so the overall size of the embryo doesn’t change

43
Q

Morula

A

solid ball of cells resulting from embryonic mitosis

44
Q

Blastula

A

hollow cell made by morula moving out to edges.

45
Q

blastocoel

A

hollow center of the blastula

46
Q

gastrulation

A

process of indenting the cell that forms a blastopore that will later become either a mouth or anus.

47
Q

gastrula

A

end result of gastrulation. cell with two embryonic tissues, the endoderm (lining the inside) and the ectoderm (lining the outside)

48
Q

ectoderm becomes

A

skin

49
Q

endoderm becomes

A

lines the gut

50
Q

mesoderm becomes

A

muscles

51
Q

blastopore becomes

A

mouth or anus

52
Q

blastocoel becomes

A

body cavity

53
Q

Holandric Traits

A

Y-linked traits

example: maleness, hairy ear rims

54
Q

principle of segregation

A

during meiosis, the 2 alleles for a gene separate into two different gametes

55
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

how the alleles for one gene segregate does not affect how the alleles for another gene separate. PROVIDED they are on different chromosomes.

56
Q

F2 Genotype dihybrid cross

A 
1 homo for both same case
2 homo for one hetero for one
1 homo for both opposite case
2 homo for one hetero for one
4 hetero for both
2 hetero for one homo for one
1 homo for both opposite case
2 hetero for one homo for one
1 homo for both same case
57
Q

incomplete dominance or partial dominance

A

neither is dominant so the result is blended

58
Q

codominance

A

both alleles for a heterozygous individual ate fully expressed
example: blood type

59
Q

quantitative traits

A

polygenic traits caused by the additive affects of various alleles. many genes affect one trait.

continuous distribution with a bell-shaped curve. also affecter by environmental factors

60
Q

as more genes are included in a trait, the distribution shifts from _____ to ______

A

discrete (bar graph) to continuous (curve, all points are included)

61
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene affects many traits

example: Phenylketonuria

62
Q

Phenylketonuria

A
  1. lack enzyme to metabolize phenylalanine
  2. have elevated concentrations.
  3. have smaller headsize
  4. have reduced IQ
  5. have light hair color

Biology (9 decks)

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