Diuretics

Question 1

3 thiazide diuretics

Answer 1

hydrochlorothiazide
chlothalidone
metolazone

Question 2

2 loop diuretics

Answer 2

furosemide

ethacynic acid

Question 3

2 postassium sparing diuretics

Answer 3

spironolactone

triamterene

Question 4

osmotic diuretic

Answer 4

mannitol

Question 5

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Answer 5

acetazolamide

Question 6

vasopressin receptor antagonist

Answer 6

tolvaptan

Question 7

sodium/glucose cotransport 2 inhibitor

Answer 7

dapagliflozin

Question 8

function of proximal tubule

Answer 8

filtrate water and electrolytes reabsorbed
all glucose reabsorbed
bicarbonate reabsorbed

Question 9

function of the ascending loop of henle

Answer 9

na, k, cl, ca, mg reabsorbed

no water reabsorption

Question 10

function of the distal tubule

Answer 10

na, cl reabsorded
ca excreted
no water reabsorption

Question 11

function of collecting ducts

Answer 11

aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and k excretion

ADH increases water pearmeability (reabsorption)

Question 12

how do thiazides work

Answer 12

act on distal convoluted tubule to increase NaCl excretion and decrease Ca excretion

Question 13

how do thiazides control BP

Answer 13

increase nacl excretion causing a decrease in blood volume and cardiac output. apparent tolerance and blood volume/cardiac output return to normal but blood pressure stays down

Question 14

problems with thiazides

Answer 14

hyperglycemia
increased LDL levels
erectile dysfunction
changes in kidney function (increase lithium)

Question 15

uses for thiazides

Answer 15

edema

hypertension

Question 16

advantages of thiazides

Answer 16

oral
low toxicity
no postural hypotension
increase effects of other antihypertensive drugs

Question 17

what do loop diuretics do to prostaglandin production and how is this useful

Answer 17

increase prostaglandin production, vasodilates veins in acute pulmonary edema

Question 18

what do loop diuretics do

Answer 18

increase na, cl, k excretion in the ascending loop , Ca follows and is excreted

Question 19

problems wiht loop diuretics

Answer 19

deafness if combined with aminoglycoside antibiotics

chronic dilutional hyponatremia

Question 20

uses of loop diuretics

Answer 20

work in renal insufficiency (GFR<50)
edema
hypertension 
hypercalcemia 
heart failure

Question 21

what is a reason that loop diuretics might not work

Answer 21

not enough circulating chloride

Question 22

2 major causes of potassium depletion

Answer 22

plasma volume depletion causes increase in renin therefore aldosterone which absorbs more Na at the expense of K.
increased distal delivery - inhibition of Na reabsorption causes collectin tubules to increase Na reabsorption

Question 23

treatment of potassium depletion

Answer 23

dietary intake
potassium chlorid tablets
potassium tablets
emergency - IV 
potassium sparing diuretics

Question 24

how does spironolactone work

Answer 24

block the aldosterone receptor

prevents cardiac remodelling

Question 25

how does triamterene work

Answer 25

decrease sodium permeability so doesnt enter the tubule cell and then K isnt excreted

Question 26

how can you treat the inability to concentrate urine

Answer 26

drink more water to excrete solutes

Question 27

how can you treat th inability to dilute urine

Answer 27

ingest hypotonic solution causes net loss of electrolytes

Question 28

which drug is good for hypocalciuria

Answer 28

thiazides because they decrease calcium excretion

Question 29

which drug is good for hypercalcemia

Answer 29

furosemide because it increases calcium excretion

Question 30

what is edema

Answer 30

fluid shift into the extracellular space has exceeded 3-4L

Question 31

why can diuretics be used in hepatic cirrhosis

Answer 31

sodium/water accumulates in abdomen and then into the vascular space

Question 32

why can diuretics be used in cardiac failure

Answer 32

causes fluid retention to increase preload but therefore also causes edema