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Pharmacology part B > Antihypertensives > Flashcards

Antihypertensives Flashcards

1
Q

examples of thiazides

A

hydrochlorothiazide

chlorthalidone

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2
Q

examples of loop diuretics

A

furosemide

ethacrynic acid

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3
Q

example of potassium sparing

A

spironolactone

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4
Q

examples of ACEIs

A

enalapril

fosinopril

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5
Q

example of ARBs

A

losartan

cansesartan

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6
Q

examples of CCBs vascular

A

nifedipine - longacting

amlodipine

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7
Q

examples CCBs cardiac

A

verapamil

diltiazem

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8
Q

examples beta receptors blockers

A

propranolol

metoprolol

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9
Q

example of alpha 1 receptor antagonist

A

prazosin

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10
Q

example of alpha 2 receptor agonist

A

clonidine

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11
Q

examples of vasodilators

A

hydralazine
minoxidil
nitroprusside

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12
Q

what is BP regulated by

A

cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

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13
Q

what does cardiac output depends on

A

venous return
heart rate
contractility

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14
Q

what does total peripheral resistance depend on

A

resistance vessel diameter

arterial tone

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15
Q

potential drugs that cause hypertension

A

estrogens
NSAIDS
antidepreesents, amphetamines

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16
Q

conditions that may cause hypertension

A

renal artery stenosis
coarctation of the aorta
phaeochromocytoma
hyperaldosteronism

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17
Q

what are the 3 major compensatory responses to a decrease in blood pressure

A

RAAS system
activate sympathetic NS
increase RAAS
decrease renal perfusion pressure

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18
Q

what is the result of decreased renal perfusion pressure

A

increase sodium retention causing increased blood volume

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19
Q

result of increased RAAS

A

aldosterone increases sodium retention

angiotensin 2 increases afterload and preload

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20
Q

result of increased SNA

A

increased afterload and preload, decreased inotropy and increase heart rate

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21
Q

non pharms for hypertension

A 
sodium restriction 
weight loss
exercise
reduced alcohol intake
smoking cessation 
relaxation
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22
Q

problems with increasing the dose

A

causes little improvement in effect
hypokalemia
glucose intolerance
increased LDL

23
Q

when are loop diuretics most useful

A

in renal impairment (GFR<50ml/min) and edematous states

24
Q

side effects of thiazides

A 
decreased insulin release 
increased LDL levels
erectile dysfunction 
decrease blood volume 
hypokalemia, hypercalcemia
25
side effects of loop diuretics
deafness if given with aminoglycoside antibiotic vascular volume contraction hypokalemia hypocalcemia
26
side effects of potassium sparing diuretics
hyperkalemia impotence gynecomastia
27
how do aceis inhibit the raas
decrease angiotensin 2 causing a decrease in TPR and aldosterone
28
how do arms inhibit the ras
block all angiotensin 2 receptors resulting in decreases TPR and decreased aldosterone
29
problems with raas inhibitors
rash hyperkalemia proteinuria angioedema cough (ACEI)
30
why do you use RAAS inhibitors in people with CHF and diabetic nephropathy
it is metabolically neutral so doesnt affect glucose and prevents remodelling
31
what is there little reflex tachycardia in RAAS inhibitors
baroreceptors reset so there is no NE release
32
can you use RAAS inhibitors in pregnancy
no
33
which type of channels do calcium channel blockers block
L type
34
which clacium channel blockers work primarily in vascular
dihydropyridines | increase TPR
35
which calcium channel blockers work predominantly on the cardiac
non-dihydropyrinidines | increase cardiac output
36
what are dihydropyridines used for
angina raynauds (decreased perfusion of blood to extremeties) secondary for hypertension hypertensive crisis
37
what are non-dihydropyridines used for
hypertension if also a concern about heart rate control in atrial fibrillation angina
38
calcium channel blockers useful where beta blockers are contraindicated which is when
``` asthma diabetes bc cant sense hypo/hyperglycemia COPD peripheral vascular disease elderly african americans ```
39
when should beta blockers be used and for how long
post MI heart failure 6 months
40
problems with betablockers
not metabolically neutral erectile dysfunction may cause type 2 diabetes
41
what does prazosin do
vasodilates arteries adn veins decreases insulin resistance useful for prostatic hyperplasia
42
problems with prazosin
fluid retention with long term initial large decrease in BP orthostatic hypotension
43
clonidine mechanism of action
acts on central vasomotor centers to decrease sympathetic nerve activity from CNS
44
why does clonidine have to be tapered
rebound hypertension upon rapid cessation of the drug
45
what is clonidine commone use
adjunct to general anesthetic
46
what is used to lower blood pressure in pregnancy
hydralazine
47
what are vasodilators taken with
beta blocker and diuretic
48
problems with hydralazine
``` lupus like syndrome increase SNA headache nausea hypotension tachycardia angina pectoris ```
49
new use for minoxidil
topical for baldness
50
problems with minoxidil
``` headahce nausea hypotension tachycardia pericardial effusion ```
51
key difference of sodium nitroprusside compared to other vasodilators
dilates veins and arterioles
52
what is sodium nitroprusside used for and why
hypertensive encephalopathy surgery(sudden onset) because it works in 1 min and is offset in 5
53
why can you only use sodium nitroprusside for short term
potential for cyanide toxicity as that is the metabolite
54
target blood pressure
140/90

Pharmacology part B (17 decks)

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