DIT Rapid Fire Facts Flashcards
Most common cause of neural tube defects
Folate deficiency
Most common cause of congenital malformatins in the US
Alcohol use during pregnancy
Most common cause of congenital mental retardation in the US
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
Marfan Syndrome
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
Alport Syndrome
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
Bell’s Palsy
Ptosis, miosis, & anhidrosis
Horner’s Syndrome
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer’s Disease)
Drooling farmer
Organophosphates (Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning)
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan Syndrome
Infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia, low libido, amenorrhea
Prolactinoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal
Adrenal Adenoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal Adenoma (hyperplasia)
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone
Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid cancer, & hyperParathyroidism
MEN-2A
Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid cancer, & Mucosal neuromas
MEN-2B
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
Addison disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)
HTN, Hypokalemia, & Metabolic alkalosis
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
Most comon thyroid cancer
Papillary Carcinoma
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
Orphan Annie eyes seen in Papillary Carcinoma
Most common infections seen in chronic granulomatous disease
Catalase + organisms (Staph. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus, Klebsiella, & Candida)
Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE
Job’s Syndrome/Hyper-IgE Syndrome (can also describe Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, but more likely truncal eczema)
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Protease inhibitors (“Navir (never) tease a protease”)
Lopinavir, Atazanavir, Darunavir, Fosamprenavir, Saquinavir, Ritonavir, Indinavir
Protease inhibitors class side effects:
GI intolerance, Inhibit CYP450, Hyperlipidemia/ hypertriglyceridemia, Lipodystrophy
ASE: Pancreatitis
Ritonavir side effect
ASE: Nephrolithiasis
Ritonavir side effect
ASE: Hyperbilirubinemia, prolonged PR interval, jaundice
Atazanavir side effect
NRTIs (“Have you dined (vudine) with my nuclear (nucleosides) family?”):
Emtricitabine (FTC), Lamivudine (3TC), Zidovudine (ZDV, AZT), Didanosine (ddI), Stavudine (d4T), Abacavir
NRTIs must be activated by
Phosphorylation by thymidine kinase
NRTI class side effects
Lactic acidosis (except Abacavir)
ASE: Pancreatitis, Peripheral neuropathy, Hepatic Steatosis
Didanosine (esp. for pancreatitis & peripheral neuropathy), Stavuidine, Zalcitabine
ASE: Bone marrow suppression, Megaloblastic anemia
Zidovudine
Given to pregnant women w/ HIV
Used to be Zidovudine (now HAART)
Regimen for occupational HIV exposures
Zidovudine + Lamivudine (and maybe a 3rd med too)
NtRTI:
Tenofovir (TDF) - doesn’t require activation
NNRTIs (non-competitive) (-virine, -virapine, and -virenz, -virdine):
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delaviridine, Etravirine, Rilpivirine
NNRTI class side effects (& Abacavir)
Rash
ASE: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (nightmares, vivid dreams, worsening depression), False-positive marijuana (cannabinoid) drug test), Teratogenic
Efavirenz
Integrase inhibitors:
Raltegravir, Elvategravir
Integrase inhibitors class side effects:
Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperlipidemia, Pancreatitis, Hepatotoxicity
Drugs that interfere with HIV envelope proteins:
gp41 - Enfuviritide (fusion inhibitor); gp120 - Maraviroc (blocks CCR-5 receptor on macrophages & T-cells
Dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Hematemesis with vomiting
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
Specialized columnar epithelium/goblet cells on biopsy from distal esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus
Bx of pt. with esophagitis shows large pink intranuclear inclusions & host cell chromatin that is pushed to edge of the nucleus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Bx of pt. with esophagitis shows enlarged cells, intranuclear & cytoplasmic inclusions, and a clear perinuclear halo
CMV
Esophageal bx reveals lack of ganglion cells between inner and outer muscular layers
Achalasia
Bx of mass in parotid gland reveals double layer of columnar epithelial cells resting on dense lymphoid stroma
Warthin’s tumor
Protrusion of mucosa in the upper esophagus
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Outpouching of all layers of esophagus just above the LES
Epiphrenic diverticulum
Basal cell hyperplasia, eosinophilia, and elongation of lamina propria papilla seen in biopsy of esophagus
Chronic reflux esophagus
A PAS stain on bx obtained from pt. with esophagitis reveals hyphate organisms
Candida esophagitis
Esophageal pouch found in upper esophagus
Zenker’s diverticulum
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (esp. at head of pancreas)
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Gallstones & Alcohol
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
Standard treatment for DKA
I.V. fluids, I.V. insulin, and K+
Standard treatment for Type 1 DM
Insulin and low-sugar diet
Standard treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Weight reduction (exercise), low sugar diet, oral hypoglycemic drugs (Metformin), possibly insulin
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, lymphadenopathy, and hyperpigmentation
Whipple’s disease
Anti-transglutaminase/ anti-gliadin/ anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac sprue
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folic acid
Total or subtotal atrophy of small bowel villi, plasma cells & lymphocyte infiltration into the lamina propria and epithelium, and hyperplasia/elongation of crypts
Celiac sprue
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty Liver Disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najjar Type 1
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
Treatment for chronic hepatitis
Interferon-alpha (IFN-a)
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
Heparin or LMWH
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
Warfarin
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
Heparin or LMWH
A boy with self-mutilating behavior, mental retardation, and gout
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome = HGPRT deficiency
Elevated uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Tumor-lysis syndrome, Loop or thiazide diuretics, Cyclosporine, Pyrazinamide, Niacin
Bluish-colored lines on the gingivae
Burton’s lines in Lead poisoning
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency, Thalassemias, Lead poisoning, Sideroblastic anemia (defect in heme synthesis), beginning of Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic Anemia from B12 or folate deficiency or orotic aciduria
Skull x-ray shows a “hair-on-end” appearance
Beta-Thalassemia Major
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning
Painful cyanosis of fingers and toes, w/ hemolytic anemia
Cold Agglutinins (IgM)
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hematuria (PNH)
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly Bodies (seen after splenectomy)
Autosplenectomy
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug used to treat Sickle Cell Disease
Hydroxyurea (↑ production of HbF)
Antiplatelet antibodies
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Bleeding disorder with GP Ib deficiency
Bernard-Soulier Disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand Disease
Cancer most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Smudge cells
CLL
Punched out lytic bone lesions
Multiple Myeloma
Sheets of lymphoid cells, with a “starry sky” appearance
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins
Rouleaux formation seen in Multiple Myeloma
Monoclonal antibody spike
MGUS, Multiple Myeloma, or Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods of Myeloperoxidase seen in APL, a form of AML
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye inclusions”
Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
Scurvy = vitamin C/ascorbic acid deficiency
Most common vitamin deficiency in US
Folate deficiency
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic Anemia due to B12 or folate deficiency or orotic aciduria
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
Beri-Beri, thiamine deficiency
Most common cancer of the appendix
Carcinoid Tumor
Most common surgical emergency
Appendicitis
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner’s Syndrome
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney’s sign (Appendicitis)
Apple core lesion on barium enema
Colorectal Cancer
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid colon
String sign on contrast X-ray
Crohn’s Disease
Lead pipe appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
Ulcerative Colitis
Food poisoning due to exotoxin
Staph. aureus, Bacillus cereus
Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease
Salmonella
Diarrhea caused by Gram negative nonmotile organism that does not ferment lactose
Shigella
Diarrhea caused by an S-shaped organism
Campylobacter jejuni
Diarrhea transmitted by pet feces
Yersinia enterocolitica
Diarrhea caused by Gram negative motile organism that does not ferment lactose
Salmonella
Most common cause of “traveler’s diarrhea”
ETEC
Diarrhea after a course of antibiotics
Clostridium difficile
Diarrhea caused by Gram negative lactose-fermenting bacteria, no fever
E. coli (esp. ETEC, EPEC)
Diarrhea caused by Gram negative comma-shaped organism, no fever
Vibrio cholerae (rice-water stools)
Diarrhea + recent ingestion of water from a stream
Giardia lamblia or Entamoeba histolytica
Food poisoning from undercooked hamburger meat
EHEC O157:H7
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in HIV patient
Toxoplasma gondii
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole for pt. and partner
Most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
Most common helminth infection in the US
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
2nd most common helminth infection in the US
Ascaris lumbricoides
Sensitivity
People with disease + positive test/ Everyone with the disease = TP/ TP+FN
Specificity
(People without disease + negative test)/ (Everyone without the disease) = TN/ (TN+FP)
Positive Predictive Value
Probability that a positive test is correct = TP/ TP+FP. Increases with increased prevalence
Negative Predictive Value
Probability that a negative test is correct = TN/ TN + FN. Decreases with increased prevalence e.g. during flu season, if someone tests negative for the flu, you may not trust that negative test - it has a low predictive value.
Relative Risk
[A/(A+B)] / [C/(C+D)]
Odds Ratio
(A/B) / (C/D)
Attributable Risk
[A/(A+B)] - [C/(C+D)]
Attributable Risk Reduction
[C/(C+D)] - [A/(A+B)]
Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
1 / ARR
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
Kartagener Syndrome (dynein arm defect
Elevated D-dimers
Pulmonary embolism, DVT, DIC
Hypercoagulability, Endothelial damage, & Stasis of blood
Virchow’s Triad
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitits and glomerulonephritis
Wegener’s Polyangitis
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture’s
Honeycomb lung on X-ray
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Tennis-racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (Langerhan’s Histiocytosis
Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisonings
Staph. aureus, Bacillus cereus
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
Calcified granuloma in the lung, plus hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex
Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss
Pott’s Disease (TB in the vertebrae)
Standard treatment regimen for TB
RIPE + B6 = Rifampin, Isoniazid (+ B6 to prevent neurotoxicity), Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
Standard treatment for T. pallidum
Penicillin G (IV form) or Doxycycline if allergic
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
A non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Primary chancre seen in Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Moist, smooth, flat white genital lesion
Condyloma lata, Secondary Syphilis
Large bull’s eye rash
Erythema chronica migrans - presenting symptom of Lyme Disease from Borrelia burgdorferi
Diseases with Belle’s Palsy as a Complication:
Lovely Belle Had An STD: Lyme, Herpes zoster, AIDS, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, Diabetes
Continuous machinery-like heart murmur
PDA
Boot-shaped heart
RVH due to Tetralogy of Fallot (in kid) or due to Pulm. HTN/COPD (in adult)
Rib notching
Coarctation of aorta
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic Regurgitation
Most common congenital heart murmur
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, persistent fever several weeks after MI
Dressler Syndrome
Splinter hemorrhages in nailbed
Infective Endocarditis
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth’s spots
Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral Valve
Heart valve most commonly involved in an I.V. drug user with bacterial endocarditis
Tricuspid Valve
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies of Rheumatic Heart Disease
Most common cardiac tumor in adults
Metastases but Left Atrial Myxoma is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
Lupus in US, TB in developing countries
Weak pulses in upper extremities
Takayasu Arteritis
Necrotizing granulomas of lung and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with Polyangitis i.e. Wegener’s
Necrotizing immune complex inflammation of visceral/renal vessels
Polyarteritis nodosa, which spares lungs
Young male smokers
Buerger Disease
Young Asian women
Takayasu Arteritis
Infants and young children; involved coronary arteries
Kawasaki disease
Most common vasculitis
Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis
Associated with hepatitis B infection
Polyarteritis nodosa (spares lungs)
Occlusion of ophthalmic artery can lead to blindness
Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis
Perforation of nasal septum
Granulomatosis with Polyangitis i.e. Wegener’s
Unilateral headache, jaw claudication
Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis
Benign, raised, red lesion about the size of a mole in older patients
Cherry hemangioma
Raised, red area present at birth, increases in size initially then regresses over months to years
Strawberry hemangioma
Lesion caused by lymphoangiogenic growth factors in an infected HIV pt.
Kaposi Sarcoma
Polypoid red lesion found in pregnancy or after trauma
Pyogenic granuloma
Benign, painful, red-blue tumor under fingernails
Glomus tumor
Cavernous lymphangioma a/w Turner Syndrome
Cystic hygroma
Skin papule in AIDS pt. caused by Bartonella
Bacillary angiomatosis
Cold, painful digits
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
c-ANCA
PR3 - Wegener’s
p-ANCA
MPO - Microscopic Polyangitis & Churg-Strauss
Treatment for Buerger disease
Smoking cessation
Treatment for temporal arteritis
High-dose corticosteroids
Worst headache of my life
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Lucid interval following head trauma
Epidural hematoma
Bloody CSF on Lumbar Puncture
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery, a branch of the maxillary artery, which is one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery.
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Positive Babinski sign
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and positive Babinski sign
UMN Lesion
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy
LMN Lesion
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
Parkinson’s Disease
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntington’s Disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
Intranuclear Ophthalmoplegia i.e. MLF Syndrome
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
Tabes dorsalis
Demyelinating disease in a young woman
Multiple Sclerosis
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
Bone enlargement, bone pain, and arthritis
Paget Disease of Bone
Vertebral compression fractures
Osteoporosis
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure (hypocalcemia)
Most common cause of Hypoparathyroidism
Parathyroidectomy
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek’s sign, a sign of hypocalcemia
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN 1 Syndrome
Positive Anterior Drawer Sign
ACL Injury
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Gout
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
Calcium pyrophosphate crystals seen in Pseudogout
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Monosodium urate crystals seen in Gout
Cartilage erosion with polished bone underneath
Eburnation seen in Osteoarthritis
Bamboo spine on X-ray
Ankylosing Spondylitis
HLA-B27
Seronegative Arthritis = Psoriatic Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, Reactive (Reiter’s) Arthritis
Anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
Lupus
Anti-histone antibodies
Drug-induced Lupus from SHIPP - Sulfonamides, Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Procainamide, Phenytoin
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST Syndrome
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies (Anti-Scl70)
Systemic Scleroderma
Facial rash & Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
SLE (Lupus)
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus Nephritis
Most common cardiac manifestation in SLE
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV infection
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Prophylaxis for Cryptococus in AIDS patients
Fluconazole
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients
TMP-SMX when CD4+ count <200
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
Potassium iodide, Itraconazole
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin, Fluconazole
Treatment for systemic candidiasis
Amphotericin B
Pupil that accommodates but does not react to light
Argyll-Robertson pupil in tertiary Syphilis
Most common medication for ADHD
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) or Dextroamphetamine (Adderall) –> increase presynaptic release of Norepinephrine
Most common medication for bulimia nervosa
Fluoxetine (SNRI)
Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics Anonymous
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
Treatment for absence seizures
Ethosuxamide
Treatment for Tonic-Clonic seizures
Phenytoin, Valproic acid, Carbamazepine
Treatment for central DI
Desmopressin
Treatment for nephrogenic DI
Hydrochlorothiazide, Indomethacin, Amiloride
Treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
Amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic that blocks the ENaC channel through which Lithium enters the principal cell
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules in Diabetic Nephropathy
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis
Granulomatosis with Polyangitis i.e. Wegener’s or Goodpasture’s Syndrome - Both cause Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
Red cell casts
Glomerulonephritis
Waxy casts
Chronic Renal Failure
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Most common renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris/mirabilis
Renal staghorn calculi - urease in bacteria causes ammonium magnesium phosphate stones/ struvite
Most common tumor of urinary tract
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Most common renal malignancy of early childhood
Wilms Tumor
Fever + rash + hematuria + eosinophilia
Acute Interstitial Nephritis, drug-induced
Cancer associated with Schistosoma haematobium, where it’s found, how to treat
Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder, found in Egypt, treat with Praziquantel (1 dose annually)
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
Most common bacteria in pt. with struvite kidney stones
Proteus/Staph/Klebsiella
Dark purple nodules seen in an HIV pt.
Kaposi Sarcoma from HHV-8
Temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1 encephalitis
Owl’s eye inclusions in monocytes
CMV
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Cowdry A inclusions seen in HSV, VZV, and CMV
Aplastic anemia in a Sickle Cell pt.
Parvovirus B-19
Child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face that spreads to the body
Parvovirus B-19
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
Measles - Rubeola, a paramyxovirus
Small irregular blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Koplik Spots seen in Rubeola Measles
Most common etiology of nosocomial pneumonia
Staphylcoccus, Klebsiella
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in neonates
GBS, E. coli, Listeria
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in children
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in adults
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis
Osteomyelitis in IV drug user
Pseudomonas (more commonly it’s Staph. aureus)
Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease
Salmonella
Most common reportable STD
Chlamydia
Non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Syphilis chancre
Painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate
Chancroid from Haemophilus ducreyi or possibly HSV-2
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells on a wet prep of vaginal discharge
Clue cells in Bacterial Vaginosis
Common treatment for syphilis
Penicillin G (IV form) or Doxycycline if allergic
Common treatment for Trichomonas
Metronidazole for pt. and partner
Common treatment for Chlamydia
Azithromycin
Common treatment for Gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
Most common cancer in men
Prostate adenocarcinoma
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
Most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
Sildenafil
Dysplastic cervical cells, with enlarged, dark nuclei
Koilocytes, indicate HPV infection
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in utero
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of vagina
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy in US
Endometrial carcinoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide
Cervical cancer
Chocolate cyst on the ovary
Endometriosis
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies in Granulosa cell tumor
Produces AFP
Yolk Sac tumor i.e. Endodermal sinus tumor
Estrogen-secreting, leading to precocious puberty
Granulosa-theca cell tumor
Intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Testosterone-secreting, leading to virilization
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
Psammoma bodies
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Multiple different tissue types
Teratoma
Lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax
Meigs syndrome seen in Ovarian Fibroma
Call-Exner bodies
Granulosa-theca cell tumor
Resembles bladder epithelium
Brenner tumor
Elevated B-hCG
Choriocarcinoma, Dysgerminoma, and Hydatidiform mole
Increased AFP on amniocentesis
Neural tube defect, Anencephaly, Incorrect dating of pregnancy
Most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Down Syndrome
2nd most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Fragile X Syndrome
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner Syndrome (XO)
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, micrognathia w/ prominent occiput & small jaw
Trisomy 18 - Edward Syndrome
Most common cancer in women in the US
Breast cancer
Most common benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
Most common malignant breast tumor
Infiltrative Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Blue dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic change
Treatment for ER+ breast cancer
Tamoxifen
Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple
Paget Disease of Breast
