Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence (Tut 503 & PB) Flashcards
What is child and adolescent mental health
It is the capacity to achieve and maintain optimal psychological functioning and well being which is directly related to the degree of age appropriate biopsychosocial development achieved using available resources
List some factors in developing childhood psychopathology
Heredity influence Prenatal influence Birth defects Postnatal disease Inadequate nutrition Poverty Detrimental early social experience Family psychopathology Child abuse Poor peer relationships Specific stressors
What are neurodevelopmental disorders
Disorders involving severe childhood impairment in areas like reciprocal social interaction skills communication skills and display of stereotyped interest and behaviour
Define autistic spectrum disorders ASD
Is a life long complex and severe childhood disorder which results in disordered brain development and function altering quality of development in areas like communication and social interaction as well as stereotyped patterns of behaviour interests and activities and imagination skills
Define temperament
Innate emotional predisposition or personality traits
Define child psychopathology
The emotional and behavioural manifestation of psychological disorders in children and adolescents
What are internalizing disorders
Conditions involving emotional symptoms directed inward.
Define seperation anxiety disorder
Severe distress about leaving home being alone or being seperated from a caregiver
State what selective mutism is
Consistent failure to speak in certain situations.
What is reactive attachment disorder RAD
A trauma related disorder characterized by inhibited avoidant social behaviour and reluctance to seek or respond to attention and nurturing.
Define disinhibited social engagement disorders DSED
A trauma related attachment disorder characterized by indiscriminate superficial attachment and desperation for interpersonal contact.
How does youth experience PTSD
Memories of event may entail distressing dreams intense physiological or psychological reactions to thought or cues associated with event episodes of playacting the event or dissociative reactions
Experience recurrent distressing memories of a shocking experience.
It may include threats of or direct experience of death serious injury or sexual violation.
State what is nonsuicidal self injury NSSI
Is the intentional self inflicted harm intended to provide relief from negative feelings or to induce positive feelings can also involve a preoccupation with engaging in self harm.
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder DMDD
A childhood disorder involving chronic irritability and significant exaggerated anger reaction
What is pediatric bipolar disorders PBD
A childhood disorder involving depressive and energised episodes similar to the mood swings observed in adult bipolar disorders
What are externalizing disorders
Disruptive behaviour disorders associated with symptoms that are socially disturbing and distressing to others
What is required to diagnose a disruptive impulse control disorders
Behaviour that is atypical for child culture gender age and development level and severe enough to cause distress to the child or others or negatively affect social or academic functioning.
What is oppositional defiant disorder ODD
A childhood disorder characterized by negativistic argumentative and hostile behaviour patterns
What is intermittent explosive disorder
Condition involving frequent lower intensity outbursts or low frequency high intensity outbursts of extreme verbal or physical aggression
What is conduct disorders CD
A persistent pattern of behaviour that violates the rights of others including aggression serious rule violations and illegal behaviour.
What is enuresis
It’s an elimination disorder which involves soiling ones clothes or bed or onto the floor during the day and bed wetting at night.
What is Encopresis
It’s an elimination disorder which involves defecating onto one’s clothes the floor or other inappropriate places.
What’s neurodevelopmental disorders
Conditions involving impaired development of the brain and Central nervous system that are evident early in child life.
What are tics motor tic and vocal tic
Tic: an involuntary repetitive movement or vocalisation
Motor tic: a tic involving Physical behaviour like eye blinking facial grimacing or head jerking
Vocal tic: an audible tic like coughing grunting throat clearing sniffing making sudden vocal outbursts
Define Tourette’s disorder TD
A condition characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics
Define coprolalia
Involuntary utterance of obscene or inappropriate remarks
What is habit reversal
A therapeutic techniques in which a client is taught to substitute new behaviour for habitual behaviour like tics
Define Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders ADHD
Childhood onset disorder characterized by persistent attentional problems and or impulse hyperactive behaviour
What is the biological dimensions of etiology for ADHD
Functional abnormalities in frontal brain regions associated with executive functions attention and inhibition of responses
Brain structure and circuitry irregularities in regions like frontal cortex cerebellum and parietal lobes
Reductions in neurotransmitters EG dopamine and GABA that affect signal flow to and from frontal lobes.
What is the psychological social and socio-cultural dimensions of etiology for ADHD
Family stress Severe marital conflict Poverty Maternal mental disorders Negative interaction with parents and peers
Define autism spectrum disorders
A disorder characterized by a continuum of impairment in social communication and restricted stereotyped interest and activities
What are some characteristics of ASD
Deficits in social communication and interaction
+ Atypical social emotional reciprocity.
+ Atypical nonverbal communication.
+ Difficulty developing and maintaining relationships.
Repetitive behaviours or restricted interests or activity involving # repetitive speech movement or use of objects. # Intense focus on rituals or routine and strong resistance to change. # Intense fixation or restricted interests. # Atypical sensory activity.
What is autistic savant
An individual with autism spectrum disorders who perform well in certain tasks .
What is the biological dimensions of etiology for ASD
Unique patterns of metabolic brain activity
Reduced gaze toward eye regions of faces
Abnormal levels of serotonin
Hyperconnectivity throughout brain
Accelerated growth of amygdala in early childhood
What is intellectual disability ID
A disorder characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour which includes
Below average general intellectual functioning
Deficiencies in adaptive behaviour which is performance on tasks of daily living including academic skills self care and ability to work or live independently that are greater than would be expected based on age or cultural background
What are the genetic factors associated with eitology of ID
Genetic variation and abnormalities.
Chromosomal variations
Fragile X syndrome: an inherited condition involving limited production of proteins required for brain development resulting in mild to severe ID.
Down syndrome:a chromosomal disorder that causes physical and neurological abnormalities.
Amniocentesis: a prenatal screening involving withdrawal of amniotic fluid from fetal sac.
What are the non genetic biological factors associated with eitology of ID
Virus and infection
Drug and alcohol exposure
Fetal alcohol spectrum effects: a continuum of detrimental neurological and behavioural effect resulting from maternal Alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Fetal alcohol syndrome:a condition resulting from maternal Alcohol consumption during gestation that involves CNS dysfunction and altered brain development.
Radiation
Poor nutrition
Prematurity
What are the psychological social and socio-cultural factors associated with eitology of ID
Lack of health care Poor nutrition Inadequate educational opportunities Socioeconomic status Parenting style
What are learning disorders
An academic disability characterized by reading writing or math skills that are substantially Below Ave levels expected based on age intellectual ability and educational background
Dyslexia: a condition involving significant difficulty with reading skills
Dyscalculia: a condition involving difficulty in understanding math skills or concept.
How is childhood depression manifested
Extreme persistent or poorly regulated emotional states for Eg excessive happiness or changes from deep sadness to high elation
What are the emotional signs of childhood depression
Sadness: child feels despondent and hopeless
Loss of pleasure or interest: child disengage in previously enjoyed activities
Anxiety: the child may become anxious tense and panicky
Turmoil: the child may feel worried and irritable
What are the cognitive signs of childhood depression
Difficulty organising thoughts: problems concentrating or remembering.
Negative view: pessimistic perceiving themselves and life in negative manner
Worthlessness and guilt: obsess over perceived faults and failure
Helplessness and hopelessness: belief that there’s nothing they can do to relieve feelings of depression
Feelings of isolation: becoming very sensitive to slights from peers
Suicidal thoughts: thoughts of death where children wish they were dead
What are the physicalsigns of childhood depression
Changes in appetite or weight.
Sleep disturbance
Sluggishness
Agitation
What are the behavioural signs of childhood depression
Avoidance and withdrawal
Clinging and demanding
Activities in excess
Restlessness
Self harm