Depressive and Bipolar Disorders (Tut 502 & PB) Suicide (Tut 502 & PB) Flashcards
Define depression
Is an emotional state which is characterized by intense feelings of sadness worthlessness and uselessness
A mood state characterised by sadness or despair feelings of worthlessness and withdrawal from others.
Define mania
Is an emotional state which is characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of elation and happiness or excitability and hyperactivity
State the features of a depressive disorder
Also referred to as unipolar disorders which is the presence of sad empty or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly impair the individuals ability to function.
State the 8 types of depressive disorders
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Major depressive disorders
Persistent depressive disorders (dysthymia)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorders
Substance/medication induced depressive disorders
Depressive disorders due to another medical conditions
Other specified and unspecified depressive disorders
Define mood
Refers to our emotional state or our prevailing Frame of mind
What are some symptoms of depression
Emotional: sadness emptiness hopelessness worthlessness low self esteem irritability anxious
Cognitive:thoughts that are pessimistic self critical. Rumination where one repeatedly thinks about concerns or details of past events which can intensity feelings of depression. It can cause distractibility that’s interfers with concentration memory and decision making. Suicidal thoughts are common
Behavioural: fatigue social withdrawal reduced motivation. Tearful outbursts for no reason.
Physiological: appetite and weight changes
Sleep disturbances
Unexplained aches and pains
Aversion to sexual activity
What is mania
Increased energy emotional changes and an elevated mood: which is a mood state involving extreme confidence and exaggerated feelings of energy and well being. It includes hypomania and mania
Hypomania is a milder form of mania involving increased levels of activity and goal directed behavior combined with an elevated expansive or irritable mood which means a person may feel extremely confident or self important and behave impulsively.
Mania is the mental state characterised by exaggerated activity and emotions including euphoria which is an exceptionally elevated mood exaggerated feelings of well being excessive excitement or irritability that results in impairment in social or occupational function. It can involve psychosis
Psychosis is a condition involving loss of contact with or a distorted view of reality
What symptoms are associated with mania
Emotional: high spirited full of energy and enthusiastic. Can also seem irritable have low intolerance for frustration and overreact with anger and hostility in response to environment. Experience emotional liability which is the unstable and rapidly changing emotions and mood. Grandiosity which is an overvaluation of one’s significance or importance.
Cognitive: display energised goal orientated behavior. Seem excited and talkative while having difficulty focusing attention show poor judgement and fail to recognise inappropriateness of behavior. Appear disoriented and display pressured speech which is rapid frenzied loud disjointed communication.
Flight of ideas which is rapidly changing and disjointed thoughts
Behavioural: seem uninhibited act impulsively engage in uncharacteristic behavior like uncontrolled spending impulsive decision difficulty delaying gratification and insist on impulsive course which can lead to unsafe practices illegal activity
Paranoia hallucinations delusion
Physiological: high physiological arousal
Increased sex drive
Decreased need for sleep
What is major depressive disorders and how is it diagnosed
major depressive disorder (MDD) condition diagnosed if someone (without a history of hypomania/mania) experiences a depressive episode involving severe depressive symptoms that have negatively affected functioning most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 full weeks major depressive episode a period involving severe depressive symptoms that have impaired functioning for at least 2 full weeks
consistent pattern of (a) depressed mood, feelings of sadness, or emptiness and/or
(b) loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.
The person must also experience at least four of these symptoms during the same period:
(a) significant weight gain or weight loss (without dieting) or increases or decreases in appetite,
(b) persistent changes in sleep patterns, involving increased sleep or inability to sleep,
(c) observable restlessness or slowing of activity,
(d) persistent fatigue or loss of energy,
(e) excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness,
(f) persistent difficulty with concentration or decision making, or
(g) suicidal behaviors or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
condition involving chronic depressive symptoms that are present most of the day for more days than not during a 2-year period with no more than 2 months symptom-free
presence of at least two of the following symptoms: feelings of hopelessness,
low self-esteem, poor appetite or overeating, low energy or fatigue, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, or sleeping too little or too much
What is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
condition involving
distressing and disruptive symptoms of
depression, irritability, and tension that
occur the week before menstruation
symptoms must involve significantly depressed mood, mood swings, anger, anxiety,
tension, irritability, or increased interpersonal conflict. Other symptoms considered in
making a diagnosis include difficulty concentrating; social withdrawal; lack of energy;
food cravings or overeating; insomnia or excessive sleepiness; feeling overwhelmed; or physical symptoms such as bloating, weight gain, or breast tenderness.
What is Persistent complex bereavement disorder
diagnostic category undergoing study; proposed disorder involves persistent sorrow or preoccupation continuing a year after the death of a loved one
Discuss the multiple path model for depressive disorders biological and psychological
Biological dimension: focus on neurotransmitter stress related hormones genetic influence brain structure.
- neurotransmitter: low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. they help regulate our emotions and basic physiological processes involving appetite sleep energy and libido.
- heredity: depression tends to run in family line.
- cortisol stress and depression: dysregulation of HPA and overproduction of stress hormones play a role in development of depression
- functional and anatomical brain changes: individuals with depression have increased connectivity in brain regions referred to as default mode network which is associated with a wakeful resting state
- circadian rhythm disturbance: internal biological rhythms maintained by hormone melotonin influencing body temperature and sleeping patterns.
Psychological dimension
- behavioural explanation suggest depression occurs when people receive insufficient social reinforcement, loss of employment divorce or death of close person. Risk of depression increases when
*A person participates in few events or activities that potentially reinforce.
* There are few reinforcement available in environment
*A person’s behaviour and social skills result in limited reinforcement
-Cognitive explanation:contend that depression is caused by the way people think and that negative thoughts and errors in thinking results in pessimism damaging self views and feelings of helplessness. People have a negative self schema( stable set of beliefs and assumptions about the self that’s based on person’s experience values and perceived capabilities)
+ Co rumination: extensively discussing negative feelings or events with others.
-learned helplessness and attributional style: attributional style is our characteristic way of explaining why a positive or negative event occurred.
+ Learned helplessness is a learned belief that one is helpless and unable to effect outcomes
-Factors associated with negative thinking patterns: patterns of pessimistic thinking interact with biological and social factors.
Discuss the multiple path model for depressive disorders social dimension and sociocultural dimension
Social dimension: people who fail to develop secure attachment and trusting relationships with caregivers gave increased vulnerability to depression when confronted with stressful events.
Parental depression.
Distressing social interactions eg social rejection
Sociocultural dimension
- cultural influences:
- gender: more common among women than men.
Discuss possible forms of treatment for depressive disorders
Biomedical:
Medication such as antidepressants increase availability of neurotransmitter.
Types of antidepressants include tricyclic monoamines oxidase inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
Cercadian related treatment
Brain stimulation therapy
Psychological and cognitive treatment
Behavioural activation therapy:
1 identifying and rating different activities in terms of pleasure or feelings of self confidence
2 performing selected activities and increasing feelings of pleasure
3 identify day to day problem and using behavioural techniques
4 improving social and assertiveness
Interpersonal psychotherapy:
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Mindfulness based cognitive therapy
Other psychological interventions for depression.
