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Audiology and ENT Yr2 > Diseases of the nose: polyps, nasal/septal deformity, sino-nasal cancer > Flashcards

Diseases of the nose: polyps, nasal/septal deformity, sino-nasal cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the study of the nose, including sinuses?

A

Rhinology.

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2
Q

Name the 5 functions of the nose.

A 
Airway
Filtration
Humidification
Temperature Control
Olfaction.
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3
Q

When we breathe in, we normally breathe through the ________.

A

Nose.

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4
Q

How does the nose filter?

A

it filters using:

  • The hairs in the nose
  • cilia to capture and move bacteria
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5
Q

There is an increased rate of secretion to…

A

Humidify the air.

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6
Q

By the time the air reaches the ________________ it will be 100% ________.

A

Nasopharynx

Humidified (aka. air saturated)

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7
Q

By the time the air reaches the nasophraynx, what temperature will it be?

A

5 degrees below body temperature.

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8
Q

What does olfaction mean?

A

Smell.

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9
Q

What sort of patients don’t use their nose like we use it?

A

Laryngectomy patients- air re-directed so they don’t breathe through nose, they breathe through stoma on neck.

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10
Q

What system replaces the filtration, humidification and temperature control of the nose?

A

HME- Heat and Moisture Exchange system

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11
Q

If there is a disease in the nose, what happens?

A

The function is disrupted.

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12
Q

What is a sign that the nose isn’t functioning properly?

A

Person has a really sore throat and dry mouth because they are breathing through the mouth all the time.

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13
Q

A group of bony boxes are referred to as…

A

Sinuses.

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14
Q

What is kept in the sinuses (normally)?

A

Air

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15
Q

How many paranasal sinuses are there?

A

8.

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16
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses.

A

2 maxillary
2 frontal
2 ethmoidal complexes
2 sphenoid.

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17
Q

Theres are _ pairs of paranasal sinuses.

A

4

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18
Q

What is a paranasal sinus?

A

a hollow, air-filled cavity in the skull that is connected to the nasal airway by a narrow hole in the bone.

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19
Q 
Name where each sinus is situated:
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
sphenoid
A

Behind the brow ridges (forehead).

In the body of the maxilla (cheek area at front of face-below eyes.)

Near the bridge of the nose. (where you’d pinch)

Behind/round the back of eye.

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20
Q

What is the main paranasal sinus?

A

The maxillary sinus.

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21
Q

Give some more information about the maxillary sinus.

A

Pyramid shaped

Largest paranasal sinus.

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22
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the sinuses.

23
Q

What can sinusitis be a result of?

A
  • sinusitis can be as a result of infection from a virus, bacteria or fungus.
  • Allergic reactions eg. asthma
24
Q

What is the most common type of sinusitis?

A

Acute infective sinusitis .

25
Q

Acute infective sinusitis is usually ________.

A

Viral.

26
Q

If sinusitis (acute infective) doesn’t setttle, what is this known as?

A

Chronic infective sinusitis.

27
Q

Sinusitis can be as a result of ______ eg.asthma.

A

allergy.

28
Q

What is produced by the sinuses?

A

Mucus.

29
Q

Where does the mucus produced by the sinuses normally drain?

A

It normally drains into the nise through small channels.

30
Q

In sinusitis, what becomes blocked and why?

A

The small channels to the nose.

because the lining of the sinuses are inflamed

31
Q

When does sinusitis usually occur?

A

After an upper respiratory tract infection.

32
Q

The symptoms of sinusitis often clear up within a few weeks (_____sinusitis), although occasionally they can last three months or more (_____ sinusitis).

A

Acute.

Chronic.

33
Q

How is sinusitis treated?

A

Antibiotic spray/drops.

If no improvement then referred to an ENT specialist who drains the sinuses.

34
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Nasal polyps are swellings of the normal nasal lining that occur inside the nasal passages and sinuses.

35
Q

Why can sinusitis lead to complications?

A

The infection can spread (cause other areas to become inflamed).

36
Q

Give some examples of the complications sinusitis can cause.

A 
Orbital Cellulitis
Brain Abscess
Meningitis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
mucocoele formation
37
Q

What is orbital cellulitis?

A

Inflammation of eye tissues behind the orbital septum. It most commonly refers to an acute spread of infection into the eye socket from the adjacent sinuses.

38
Q

Name this:

A pus-filled swelling in the brain, usually occuring when bacteria or fungi enter the brain tissue after an infection.

A

A Brain Abcess.

39
Q

What is meningitis?

A

An infection of the meninges.

40
Q

What is cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

A blood clot in the cavernous sinuses.

41
Q

As a result of swelling, often fluid collects, what is a name for this?

A

Mucocoele Formation.

42
Q

sinusitis can spread and cause…

A
  • blindness
  • dental problems
  • obstruct nasal passages (breathing affected)
  • in severe cases cause nasal bone deterioration.
43
Q

What is a tumour in a paranasal sinus called?

A

A sino-nasal tumour.

44
Q

Sino-nasal tumours account for ___% of all head and neck cancers.

A

5

45
Q

The symptoms for a sin-nasal tumour often seem ______.

A

minor.

46
Q

Bescause the symptoms of sino-nasal cancer seem so innocent/minor, what tends to happen?

A

It has a very late presentation.

The penny finally drops that it is more than a cold.

47
Q

Why are often the tumours very big without anyone noticing?

A

Because they have space to grow inside the sinus, it’s not until it touches the side of a sinus that it becomes obvious, but at this point it’s v. big!

48
Q

What is the prognosis for sino-nasal tumours?

A

Its generally poor - because its too large and has spread to other tissues aka. at T4/T3 by the time it’s discovered.

49
Q

What are some worrying nasal symptoms that may suggest sino-nasal cancer?

A
  • Unilateral blocked nose
  • Blood stained mucus
  • Orbit/visual symptoms eg. eyes puffy/swollen, double vision
  • Cheek swelling
  • Upper gum/dental problems.
50
Q

What is a unilateral blocked nose?

A

When the nose is blocked on one side. (

51
Q

What is the problem with having a unilateral blocked nose?

A

Doctors often give them a nasal spray when in fact they have a tumour!

52
Q

why is head and neck cancer quite good?

A

It is normally quite contained therefore the tumour can be surgically removed- patient cured completely :)

53
Q

Name an example of a surgery to remove a sino-nasal tumour.

A

Osteoplastic Flap- peels back face from hair line to remove tumour.

Audiology and ENT Yr2 (21 decks)

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