Anatomy, physiology and diseases of the throat.

Question 1

Name what makes up the anterior triangle of the neck.

Answer 1

Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Midline
Border of mandible

Question 2

Name what makes up the posterior triangle of the neck.

Answer 2

Trapezius
Clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 3

The facial, vagus, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves are found at the _______ triangle of the neck.

Answer 3

anterior.

Question 4

Why is the neck divided into levels?

Answer 4

To be used as a surgical tool (aka. for surgery)

Question 5

What structure prevents us inhaling what we eat?

Answer 5

The epiglottis :)

Question 6

What is the structure that connects the tongue to the bottom of the mouth called?

Answer 6

the lingual frenulum

Question 7

What is the superior/inferior labial frenulum?

Answer 7

Connects the upper lip with top of mouth

Connects the bottom lip to the top of mouth.

Question 8

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx.

Answer 8

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 9

The velum and uvula make up the _________.

Answer 9

soft palate.

Question 10

Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx.

Answer 10

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

Question 11

Name the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx.

Answer 11

Arytenoid
Cunieform
Corticular

Question 12

What are the false vocal cords known as and where are they located?

Answer 12

Vestibular folds, located above the vocal cords.

Question 13

What does the larynx protect?

Answer 13

The respiratory tract.

Question 14

What are the vocal folds covered in and why?

Answer 14

They are covered in mucous which allows phonation.

Question 15

The vocal folds are a _______ object.

Answer 15

dynamic

Question 16

What can a poorly functioning larynx result in?

Answer 16

Things (food) getting stuck there.

Question 17

What are the laryngeal muscles used for?

Answer 17

Pitch
Coughing
Speaking (phonation)
Respiratory Function

Question 18

What can a serious ear infection affect?

Answer 18

It can affect the cranial nerves which in turn affects speech and swallowing.

Question 19

Name the nerve responsible for mastication and sensation to the face.

Answer 19

The trigeminal nerve (5)

Question 20

Name the nerve responsible for muscles of facial expression and taste.

Answer 20

The Facial Nerve (7)

Question 21

Name the nerve that loops around the aorta, branches to the larynx and is important for speech.

Answer 21

The Vagus Nerve (10)

Question 22

Name the nerve that is responsible for tongue movement.

Answer 22

The Hypoglossal Nerve (11)

Question 23

Name the nerve that is responsible for the gag reflex.

Answer 23

The glossopharyngeal nerve (9).

Question 24

Name the 3 stages of swallowing.

Answer 24

1. Oral
2. Pharyngeal
3. Oesophageal

Question 25

The oral stage is _______.

Answer 25

Voluntary.

Question 26

The _______ stage is partly voluntary.

Answer 26

Pharyngeal stage.

Question 27

What stage of swallowing is involuntary and relies on smooth muscle?

Answer 27

Oesophageal Stage

Question 28

What can be used to asses swallowing?

Answer 28

an endoscopy.

Question 29

Normal or Abnormal? Pink, moist lips

Answer 29

normal

Question 30

Normal or Abnormal? Tongue midline, adequate movement

Answer 30

normal

Question 31

If a lesion is found this is considered to be ___________.

Answer 31

Abnormal

Question 32

Describe abnormal findings of the lips.

Answer 32

cracked and dry.

Question 33

If there is vesicles of blisters present is the normal or abnormal?

Answer 33

Abnormal.

Question 34

Describe the normal findings of the tongue, gums and buccal mucosa.

Answer 34

Pink moist and smooth.

Question 35

What in terms of bleeding would be a normal finding?

Answer 35

No bleeding.

Question 36

What should normal teeth be?

Answer 36

Smooth and white with no dental caries.

Question 37

What should we expect when the patient says "ahh"?

Answer 37

The soft palate and uvula to rise.

Question 38

Apart from the tongue, what else should be midline?

Answer 38

The uvula.

Question 39

In the buccal cavity, there should be no _____ or _________.

Answer 39

swelling, exudate.

Question 40

Generally what reflex should be present?

Answer 40

The gag reflex but not everybody has one.

Question 41

What is hot potato voice?

Answer 41

A big bag of puss/swelling that moves from the midline.

Question 42

Describe abnormal findings in terms of tongue, gums and buccal mucosa.

Answer 42

red, tender and inflamed.

Question 43

What is a common abnormal finding?

Answer 43

Thrush.

Question 44

Thrush, poor oral hygiene or smoking can cause what?

Answer 44

A coating on the tongue.

Question 45

Abnormal or Normal? bleeding gums.

Answer 45

Abnormal.

Question 46

What would be an abnormal finding regarding the posterior pharynx?

Answer 46

Posterior pharynx is red with white patches.

Question 47

In an abnormal finding what would the tonsils and uvula present as?

Answer 47

Red and Swollen.

Question 48

___________ _______________ suggests the vocal folds aren't coming together properly therefore this could indicate a ______.

Answer 48

Hoarse Voice | Tumour

Question 49

An abnormal finding would be a ______ membrane covering the tonsils, uvula and soft palate. What does this along with swollen lymphnodes indicate?

Answer 49

Grayish. | Glandular Fever.

Question 50

What 3 uses must we asses in a physiology assessment?

Answer 50

Alcohol use Tobacco use Drug use

Question 51

We must asses the patients _____ practices, ________ or _________ environment and ______.

Answer 51

sexual, home, work, hobbies.

Question 52

What can be another factor to take into account when assessing a patient?

Answer 52

stress.

Question 53

Is snoring a disease?

Answer 53

Yes.

Question 54

What is snoring caused by?

Answer 54

Relaxation of the upper airway (soft palate and uvula) causing these structures to vibrate.

Question 55

Distorted nasal anatomy can also cause ___________.

Answer 55

snoring.

Question 56

What does snoring limit?

Answer 56

oxygenation in sleep.

Question 57

What can snoring lead to?

Answer 57

Heart strain and respiratory problems.

Question 58

Name one impact of snoring.

Answer 58

Sleep Apnea

Question 59

Name 3 other causes (apart from distorted nasal anatomy) that can lead to snoring.

Answer 59

Drunk Drugs Obesity.

Question 60

In kids describe how adenoids can cause snoring.

Answer 60

Large Adenoids can block the airways. | These can be removed to help quality of sleep.

Question 61

Name some treatments to combat snoring.

Answer 61

Lose Weight Special Pillows Sleeping positions C pap machines (forces air in while sleeping).

Question 62

What is inflammation of the larynx known as?

Answer 62

Laryngitis.

Question 63

Apart from the inflammation of the larynx, what is another indicator of laryngitis?

Answer 63

excrevates on the surface.

Question 64

Name the 3 causes of laryngitis.

Answer 64

Chemical (bad diet, smoking) Infection (inflammation) Mechanical (result of surgery)

Question 65

What are the treatments for laryngitis?

Answer 65

Voice rest | Paracetemol/ ibuprofen.

Question 66

What is tonsillitis?

Answer 66

The inflammation of the tonsils.

Question 67

What is tonsillitis normally caused by?

Answer 67

A viral cause- usually glandular fever based | Or most commonly a bacterial cause.

Question 68

Name some indicators of tonsillitis.

Answer 68

Tonsils are red, big and there are white bits on it.

Question 69

Bags of puss in the sheath of the tonsils cause ____________ and can _________ the _____________.

Answer 69

inflammation | obstruct, airways

Question 70

What is the difference between tonsiitis and pharyngitis?

Answer 70

Tonsillitis- inflammation of the tonsils | Pharyngitis- inflammation of the pharynx (back of throat)

Question 71

What are the treatments for tonsillitis?

Answer 71

Antibiotics | Tonsils surgically removed- there are strict guidelines for this!

Question 72

What is the inflammation of the epiglottis known as?

Answer 72

epiglottitis.

Question 73

What is epiglottitis caused by?

Answer 73

Infection.

Question 74

What's a sign a patient has epiglottitis?

Answer 74

- They look toxic/rough | - They sit with their arms behind them (tripod), struggling to breathe.

Question 75

______ injuries can also lead to infection.

Answer 75

Thermal.

Question 76

Name a common oral infection.

Answer 76

Thrush.

Question 77

Antibiotics and antifungal medication is used to treat ________.

Answer 77

Thrush.

Question 78

What can cause thrush?

Answer 78

- Use of inhalers can cause steroid thrush. - Old age - Susceptible immune system

Question 79

What is leukoplakia?

Answer 79

A painless white patch that can develop in the mouth- although harmless, it can possibly lead to cancer.

Question 80

How is leukoplakia treated?

Answer 80

It is surgically removed.

Question 81

What can leukoplakia be a result of?

Answer 81

Smoking

Question 82

leukoplakia is a ____________ condition.

Answer 82

benign.

Question 83

Name a malignant condition.

Answer 83

Head and Neck Cancers.

Question 84

What is used to decide how to treat the cancer?

Answer 84

A biopsy.

Question 85

Name 3 causes of malignant head and neck cancer.

Answer 85

Smoking HPV Drinking

Question 86

What are lymphnodes?

Answer 86

Glands found in the neck. (and other places)

Question 87

______ having grown is a sign of head and neck cancer.

Answer 87

Lymphnodes.

Question 88

Name 5 signs of malignant head and neck cancer.

Answer 88

``` Hoarseness Weight Loss Visible Lumps Dysphagia Pain radiating from ear. ```

Question 89

A malignant tumour means that is can ______ and is ________.

Answer 89

Spread, harmful.

Question 90

How can head/neck cancer be treated?

Answer 90

- Normally tumour can be removed | - Chemo/Radiotherapy

Question 91

Name to other conditions affecting the neck area.

Answer 91

Trauma to the neck | Fractures to Cartilages

Question 92

What is it called when the patient still has their larynx, however a hole is created in the neck to create a bypass for the air to get into the trachea?

Answer 92

A tracheostomy

Question 93

What is a laryngectomy?

Answer 93

When the patient's larynx is completely removed and a hole in the neck is created where the trachea is run to .

Question 94

A ________ helps you to breathe.

Answer 94

Tracheostomy.

Question 95

_________ is the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose and esophagus.

Answer 95

Laryngectomy.

Question 96

_______ patients don't use their ______ or ______ to breathe.

Answer 96

Laryngectomy Nose Mouth

Question 97

Why is SALT involved with a tracheostomy?

Answer 97

As some air will bypass the vocal folds- we need to help with phonation.

Question 98

When is a tracheostomy used for patients?

Answer 98

For patients with severe wounds, trauma or severe stroke.

Question 99

A ________ secures the airway.

Answer 99

Tracheostomy

Question 100

In what surgery is the entire larynx (along with vocal folds) removed?

Answer 100

Laryngectomy.

Question 101

What treats advanced laryngeal cancer?

Answer 101

Laryngectomy.

Question 102

Name 2 types of non surgical voice restoration used by laryngectomy patients.

Answer 102

``` Esophageal Speech (burp- use stomach to phonate) Electrolaryngeal Speech (robot voice) ```

Question 103

Name 2 types of surgical voice restoration.

Answer 103

``` Neoglottic Reconstruction Speech Valve (Shunts- tracheoesophagal speech) ```

Question 104

How does a speech valve work?

Answer 104

You cover it for phonation.

Question 105

Name 3 speech valve problems.

Answer 105

It can get dirty/infected It can bleed It can be dislodged.