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Audiology and ENT Yr2 > Anatomy, physiology and diseases of the throat. > Flashcards

Anatomy, physiology and diseases of the throat. Flashcards

1
Q

Name what makes up the anterior triangle of the neck.

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Midline
Border of mandible

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2
Q

Name what makes up the posterior triangle of the neck.

A

Trapezius
Clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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3
Q

The facial, vagus, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves are found at the _______ triangle of the neck.

A

anterior.

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4
Q

Why is the neck divided into levels?

A

To be used as a surgical tool (aka. for surgery)

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5
Q

What structure prevents us inhaling what we eat?

A

The epiglottis :)

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6
Q

What is the structure that connects the tongue to the bottom of the mouth called?

A

the lingual frenulum

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7
Q

What is the superior/inferior labial frenulum?

A

Connects the upper lip with top of mouth

Connects the bottom lip to the top of mouth.

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8
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx.

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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9
Q

The velum and uvula make up the _________.

A

soft palate.

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10
Q

Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx.

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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11
Q

Name the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx.

A

Arytenoid
Cunieform
Corticular

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12
Q

What are the false vocal cords known as and where are they located?

A

Vestibular folds, located above the vocal cords.

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13
Q

What does the larynx protect?

A

The respiratory tract.

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14
Q

What are the vocal folds covered in and why?

A

They are covered in mucous which allows phonation.

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15
Q

The vocal folds are a _______ object.

A

dynamic

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16
Q

What can a poorly functioning larynx result in?

A

Things (food) getting stuck there.

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17
Q

What are the laryngeal muscles used for?

A

Pitch
Coughing
Speaking (phonation)
Respiratory Function

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18
Q

What can a serious ear infection affect?

A

It can affect the cranial nerves which in turn affects speech and swallowing.

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19
Q

Name the nerve responsible for mastication and sensation to the face.

A

The trigeminal nerve (5)

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20
Q

Name the nerve responsible for muscles of facial expression and taste.

A

The Facial Nerve (7)

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21
Q

Name the nerve that loops around the aorta, branches to the larynx and is important for speech.

A

The Vagus Nerve (10)

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22
Q

Name the nerve that is responsible for tongue movement.

A

The Hypoglossal Nerve (11)

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23
Q

Name the nerve that is responsible for the gag reflex.

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve (9).

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24
Q

Name the 3 stages of swallowing.

A
  1. Oral
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Oesophageal
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25
Q

The oral stage is _______.

A

Voluntary.

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26
Q

The _______ stage is partly voluntary.

A

Pharyngeal stage.

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27
Q

What stage of swallowing is involuntary and relies on smooth muscle?

A

Oesophageal Stage

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28
Q

What can be used to asses swallowing?

A

an endoscopy.

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29
Q

Normal or Abnormal?

Pink, moist lips

A

normal

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30
Q

Normal or Abnormal?

Tongue midline, adequate movement

A

normal

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31
Q

If a lesion is found this is considered to be ___________.

A

Abnormal

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32
Q

Describe abnormal findings of the lips.

A

cracked and dry.

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33
Q

If there is vesicles of blisters present is the normal or abnormal?

A

Abnormal.

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34
Q

Describe the normal findings of the tongue, gums and buccal mucosa.

A

Pink moist and smooth.

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35
Q

What in terms of bleeding would be a normal finding?

A

No bleeding.

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36
Q

What should normal teeth be?

A

Smooth and white with no dental caries.

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37
Q

What should we expect when the patient says “ahh”?

A

The soft palate and uvula to rise.

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38
Q

Apart from the tongue, what else should be midline?

A

The uvula.

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39
Q

In the buccal cavity, there should be no _____ or _________.

A

swelling, exudate.

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40
Q

Generally what reflex should be present?

A

The gag reflex but not everybody has one.

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41
Q

What is hot potato voice?

A

A big bag of puss/swelling that moves from the midline.

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42
Q

Describe abnormal findings in terms of tongue, gums and buccal mucosa.

A

red, tender and inflamed.

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43
Q

What is a common abnormal finding?

A

Thrush.

44
Q

Thrush, poor oral hygiene or smoking can cause what?

A

A coating on the tongue.

45
Q

Abnormal or Normal?

bleeding gums.

A

Abnormal.

46
Q

What would be an abnormal finding regarding the posterior pharynx?

A

Posterior pharynx is red with white patches.

47
Q

In an abnormal finding what would the tonsils and uvula present as?

A

Red and Swollen.

48
Q

___________ _______________ suggests the vocal folds aren’t coming together properly therefore this could indicate a ______.

A

Hoarse Voice

Tumour

49
Q

An abnormal finding would be a ______ membrane covering the tonsils, uvula and soft palate. What does this along with swollen lymphnodes indicate?

A

Grayish.

Glandular Fever.

50
Q

What 3 uses must we asses in a physiology assessment?

A

Alcohol use
Tobacco use
Drug use

51
Q

We must asses the patients _____ practices, ________ or _________ environment and ______.

A

sexual, home, work, hobbies.

52
Q

What can be another factor to take into account when assessing a patient?

A

stress.

53
Q

Is snoring a disease?

A

Yes.

54
Q

What is snoring caused by?

A

Relaxation of the upper airway (soft palate and uvula) causing these structures to vibrate.

55
Q

Distorted nasal anatomy can also cause ___________.

A

snoring.

56
Q

What does snoring limit?

A

oxygenation in sleep.

57
Q

What can snoring lead to?

A

Heart strain and respiratory problems.

58
Q

Name one impact of snoring.

A

Sleep Apnea

59
Q

Name 3 other causes (apart from distorted nasal anatomy) that can lead to snoring.

A

Drunk
Drugs
Obesity.

60
Q

In kids describe how adenoids can cause snoring.

A

Large Adenoids can block the airways.

These can be removed to help quality of sleep.

61
Q

Name some treatments to combat snoring.

A

Lose Weight
Special Pillows
Sleeping positions
C pap machines (forces air in while sleeping).

62
Q

What is inflammation of the larynx known as?

A

Laryngitis.

63
Q

Apart from the inflammation of the larynx, what is another indicator of laryngitis?

A

excrevates on the surface.

64
Q

Name the 3 causes of laryngitis.

A

Chemical (bad diet, smoking)
Infection (inflammation)
Mechanical (result of surgery)

65
Q

What are the treatments for laryngitis?

A

Voice rest

Paracetemol/ ibuprofen.

66
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

The inflammation of the tonsils.

67
Q

What is tonsillitis normally caused by?

A

A viral cause- usually glandular fever based

Or most commonly a bacterial cause.

68
Q

Name some indicators of tonsillitis.

A

Tonsils are red, big and there are white bits on it.

69
Q

Bags of puss in the sheath of the tonsils cause ____________ and can _________ the _____________.

A

inflammation

obstruct, airways

70
Q

What is the difference between tonsiitis and pharyngitis?

A

Tonsillitis- inflammation of the tonsils

Pharyngitis- inflammation of the pharynx (back of throat)

71
Q

What are the treatments for tonsillitis?

A

Antibiotics

Tonsils surgically removed- there are strict guidelines for this!

72
Q

What is the inflammation of the epiglottis known as?

A

epiglottitis.

73
Q

What is epiglottitis caused by?

A

Infection.

74
Q

What’s a sign a patient has epiglottitis?

A
  • They look toxic/rough

- They sit with their arms behind them (tripod), struggling to breathe.

75
Q

______ injuries can also lead to infection.

A

Thermal.

76
Q

Name a common oral infection.

A

Thrush.

77
Q

Antibiotics and antifungal medication is used to treat ________.

A

Thrush.

78
Q

What can cause thrush?

A
  • Use of inhalers can cause steroid thrush.
  • Old age
  • Susceptible immune system
79
Q

What is leukoplakia?

A

A painless white patch that can develop in the mouth- although harmless, it can possibly lead to cancer.

80
Q

How is leukoplakia treated?

A

It is surgically removed.

81
Q

What can leukoplakia be a result of?

A

Smoking

82
Q

leukoplakia is a ____________ condition.

A

benign.

83
Q

Name a malignant condition.

A

Head and Neck Cancers.

84
Q

What is used to decide how to treat the cancer?

A

A biopsy.

85
Q

Name 3 causes of malignant head and neck cancer.

A

Smoking
HPV
Drinking

86
Q

What are lymphnodes?

A

Glands found in the neck. (and other places)

87
Q

______ having grown is a sign of head and neck cancer.

A

Lymphnodes.

88
Q

Name 5 signs of malignant head and neck cancer.

A 
Hoarseness
Weight Loss
Visible Lumps
Dysphagia
Pain radiating from ear.
89
Q

A malignant tumour means that is can ______ and is ________.

A

Spread, harmful.

90
Q

How can head/neck cancer be treated?

A
  • Normally tumour can be removed

- Chemo/Radiotherapy

91
Q

Name to other conditions affecting the neck area.

A

Trauma to the neck

Fractures to Cartilages

92
Q

What is it called when the patient still has their larynx, however a hole is created in the neck to create a bypass for the air to get into the trachea?

A

A tracheostomy

93
Q

What is a laryngectomy?

A

When the patient’s larynx is completely removed and a hole in the neck is created where the trachea is run to .

94
Q

A ________ helps you to breathe.

A

Tracheostomy.

95
Q

_________ is the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose and esophagus.

A

Laryngectomy.

96
Q

_______ patients don’t use their ______ or ______ to breathe.

A

Laryngectomy
Nose
Mouth

97
Q

Why is SALT involved with a tracheostomy?

A

As some air will bypass the vocal folds- we need to help with phonation.

98
Q

When is a tracheostomy used for patients?

A

For patients with severe wounds, trauma or severe stroke.

99
Q

A ________ secures the airway.

A

Tracheostomy

100
Q

In what surgery is the entire larynx (along with vocal folds) removed?

A

Laryngectomy.

101
Q

What treats advanced laryngeal cancer?

A

Laryngectomy.

102
Q

Name 2 types of non surgical voice restoration used by laryngectomy patients.

A 
Esophageal Speech (burp- use stomach to phonate)
Electrolaryngeal Speech (robot voice)
103
Q

Name 2 types of surgical voice restoration.

A 
Neoglottic Reconstruction
Speech Valve (Shunts- tracheoesophagal speech)
104
Q

How does a speech valve work?

A

You cover it for phonation.

105
Q

Name 3 speech valve problems.

A

It can get dirty/infected
It can bleed
It can be dislodged.

Audiology and ENT Yr2 (21 decks)

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