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Audiology and ENT Yr2 > Anatomy and physiology of the nose > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology of the nose Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts of the nose.

A
  1. root of nose
  2. dorsum
  3. supra-tip
  4. tip
  5. columellar
  6. alar crease
  7. naso-labial fold
  8. philtrum
  9. nares
  10. alar margin
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2
Q

In surgery of the nose, what is it important to maintain?

A

allignment with the philtrum and columellar.

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3
Q

the ______ is behind the septum.

A

Choanae.

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4
Q

What is the septum made up of?

A
  1. Quadrangular cartilage
  2. maxillary crest
  3. vomer
  4. perpendicular plate of ethmoid
  5. nasal bones
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5
Q

What is the role of the septum?

A

To divide the nasal cavity.

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6
Q

Apart from the choanae and septum what other things are found in the nasal cavity?

A

Turbinates

Meati

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7
Q

What is the role of the turbinates?

A

To heat and humidify the air through the nose.

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8
Q

Name the turbinates.

A
  • inferior
  • middle
  • superior
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9
Q

What is a nasal meatus?

A

A nasal meatus is a nasal passage of the nasal cavity.

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10
Q

Name the meati.

A
  • superior meatus
  • middle meatus
  • inferior meatus
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11
Q

What is the role of the meati?

A

the sinuses drain into the meati sinuses e.g. maxillary into middle meatus.

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12
Q

Name the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses.

A

Maxillary
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid

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13
Q

Where are the maxillary sinuses located?

A

Under the eyes (orbit and oral cavity).

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14
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

A

Above the eyes (orbit and Ant. Fossa).

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15
Q

Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?

A

Between the eyes (orbit and cribiform plate)

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16
Q

Where are the sphenoid sinuses located?

A

Behind the eyes (pituitary and optic nerve)

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17
Q

What is the surface of the nose lined with?

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • mucoperiosteum (covers bone)
  • mucoperiochondrium (covers cartilage)
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18
Q

Where does the nasopharynx start and end?

A

starts- posterior of choana

ends- level of soft palate

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19
Q

Name the contents of the nsaopharynx.

A

Adenoids

Eustachian tube meatus

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20
Q

If removed, what can help a person hear better?

A

Adenoids.

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21
Q

All angles of the nose are ______ inspected.

A

Externally.

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22
Q

How is the nose internally examined?

A

Through a rigid/ flexible nasendoscopy.

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23
Q

______ is so that we can feel that the cartilage isn’t strong or if there is a build up of _____.

A

Palpation, fluid

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24
Q

What would parts are palpated?

A

External nose and neck.

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25
Q

What do large adenoids do?

A

They obstruct the nasal cavity, making it difficult for them to breathe through their nose.

26
Q

What are the adenoids close to?

A

The eustachian tube.

27
Q

If adenoids are large and problematic, what is done?

A

They are removed.

28
Q

Adenoid removal is commonly seen in _____.

A

Kids.

29
Q

What is the most common diagnosis causing a nasal obstruction?

A

Nasal Polyps.

30
Q

What is a nasal polyps?

A

swelling of the normal nasal lining inside the nasal passages and sinuses .

31
Q

If nasal polyps block your sinuses, what may this lead to?

A

a build-up of fluid that may become infected (sinusitis).

32
Q

What can be done to treat polyps?

A

Steroid spray

Surgery to remove them.

33
Q

Name some symptoms of nasal polyps.

A

a blocked nose, which can make it difficult to breathe through your nose
a runny nose
mucus that drips from the back of your nose down your throat (post-nasal drip)
a reduced sense of smell or taste
a feeling of fullness or pressure in the face
snoring
obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)

34
Q

If swelling of the nasal lining isn’t uniform, what may this indicate?

A

Cancer.

35
Q

Name some common problems involving the nose.

A
  • foreign body (toy stuck)
  • mucosal congestion
  • polyps
  • infection
  • deviated septum
  • tumour
  • nasopharyngeal obstruction e.g. adenoids/tumours.
36
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • Airway (respiratory function)- primary external opening for respiration
  • Warming
  • Humidification
  • Filtering (hairs and mucus lining)
  • Smell/taste
  • resonance (how air vibrates and we hear our own voice)
37
Q

What does DNS stand for?

A

Deviated Nasal Septum.

38
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of inside of the nose.

39
Q

What 3 things can obstruct the nasal cavity?

A

Polyps
Tumours
Adenoids

40
Q

Who may often have a ciliary disorder?

A

Patients with cystic fibrosis.

41
Q

Name 4 conditions affecting smell and taste disturbance.

A
  • Anosmia
  • Aguesia
  • Hyposmia
  • Hypogeusia
42
Q

Name this:

Can’t smell anymore.

A

Anosmia

43
Q

Name this:

Can’t taste anymore.

A

Aguesia

44
Q

Name this:

Reduced smell.

A

Hyposmia

45
Q

Name this:

reduced taste.

A

Hypoguesia.

46
Q

What does a ciliary disorder mean for people with cystic fibrosis?

A

They can’t effectively get rid of respiratory mucous which can lead to infections etc.

47
Q

What is a nasal allergen? give an example.

A

An inhaled substance causing an allergy. Pollen/ dust etc.

48
Q

What is an allergy an example of?

A

Hypersensitivity.

49
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

An undesirable reaction produced by the normal immune system.

50
Q

What type of reaction is allergic rhinitis?

A

type 1- immediate hypersensitivity reaction (release of histamine etc.)

51
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of inside of nose due to allergy.

52
Q

What is allergic rhinitis caused by commonly?

A
  • asthma
  • polyps
  • hayfever
53
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of allergic rhinnorhea?

A
  • Nasal Congestion (blocked nose)
  • Rhinnorhea (runny nose)
  • Sneezing (10/12 times per episode)
  • watery eyes
  • seasonal e.g. hayfever
  • trigger factor e.g. pollen
  • associated with asthma
54
Q

What is the treatment for allergic rhinitis?

A
  • Antihistamines
  • Topical steroids
  • Short Term decongestants (no more than 1 week)
55
Q

Name the fancy word for nose bleeds?

A

Epistaxis.

56
Q

Name the causes of epistaxis.

A
  • Traumatic (nose picking, sport)
  • Spontaneous
  • Secondary to blood thinners (aspirin)
  • Secondary to coagulation disorders (genetic disease)
57
Q

Epistaxsis is very ______.

A

Common.

58
Q

Most of the time, what happens with epistaxsis?

A

The bleeding stops by itself.

59
Q

Why is the nose such a common bleeding point?

A
  • Branches from internal and external carotid arteries supple the nose
  • usually “littles area” at front of nasal septum (4 different arteries here- small and fragile)
60
Q

How is epistaxsis treated?

A

Firstly, First Aid- pressure on nose and ice pack, pinch soft part for 10-15 mins, head forward to stop swallowing blood (and vomiting etc.)

61
Q

If nose bleeding isn’t stopping what can be done?

A
  • go to hospital
  • inspect nose
  • stop blood thinners/ reverse coagulation problems
  • Vasoconstriction (narrow blood vessels using topical application of adrenaline)
  • Cautery (stop bleeding)
  • Merocell packing, nasopore etc. (clot blood)
  • Vessel ligation surgery (tie off blood vessel)

Audiology and ENT Yr2 (21 decks)

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