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Audiology and ENT Yr2 > Basic Acoustic and Terminology > Flashcards

Basic Acoustic and Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Sound.

A

Vibratory energy transmitted by pressure waves in air or other media that is the objective cause of the sensation of hearing.

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2
Q

In simple terms sound is _________.

A

Vibrations.

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3
Q

What do all sources of sound involve?

A

They involve moving or vibrating structures.

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4
Q

Energy is converted from ______ energy to ______ energy.

A

mechanical

sound

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5
Q

What is the fancy name for sound travelling?

A

Sound transmission.

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6
Q

As the sound source vibrates- what happens?

A

Air molecules around the source vibrate and pass on the vibrations to the adjacent molecules.

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7
Q

Explain sound transmission.

A

Waves of high pressure (compression) and waves of low pressure (rarefaction) travel through the air.

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8
Q

As sound travels outwards from the source the same amount of sound energy has to cover a bigger space- what happens to the sound?

A

It becomes quieter.

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9
Q

As the sound wave moves out from its source, energy is _____________ in the form of heat.

A

dissipated

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10
Q

The energy of the sound wave _______ as the distance from the sound increases.

A

Decreases

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11
Q

Does sound travel faster in water or faster in air?

A

In water.

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12
Q

A ______ cannot pass sound energy.

A

vacuum.

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13
Q

What does a tuning fork produce?

A

The most basic sound- a sinusoidal wave.

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14
Q

The most basic sound is known as a _______ ________.

A

sinusoidal wave.

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15
Q

What is a sine wave made up of?

A

One frequency of vibration of the air molecules.

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16
Q

A tuning fork produces a clean and sharp sound known as a ___________ tone.

A

Pure

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17
Q

Name the 3 characteristics of a sinusoid.

A

Amplitude
Frequency
Phase

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18
Q

Name this-

A measure of the magnitude of pressure changes in the medium concerned.

A

Amplitude.

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19
Q

Amplitude means _______.

A

Loudness.

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20
Q

What scale do we use to measure sound?

A

Decibels (dB)

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21
Q

What is an advantage of dB?

A

It is similar to the human subjective perception of loudness.

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22
Q

What is the human hearing range?

A

0-140 dB

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23
Q

Name this-

The number of wave cycles in one second.

A

Frequency

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24
Q

What is frequency?

A

The Pitch.

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25
Q

As the number of cycles per second increases the ____ of the sound ____________.

A

Pitch, Increases.

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26
Q

Name sound that’s too low to hear.

A

Infrasound.

27
Q

Name sound that’s too high to hear.

A

Ultrasound.

28
Q

What can be found in musical instruments and human voice?

A

Harmonics.

29
Q

What is harmonics?

A

A series of sound evenly spaced out.

30
Q

The tone with the lowest frequency is called the _______________ _______________.

A

Fundamental Frequency.

31
Q

The higher notes on top of the fundamental frequency are called what?

A

Overtones.

32
Q

Overtone with frequency that’s a multiple of the fundamental frequency is called ___________.

A

Harmonics.

33
Q

The normal human ear is able to detect, identify and _______ amongst many sounds.

A

Differentiate.

34
Q

A normal hearing listener can detect very small differences in __________ and ______________.

A

Amplitude (loudness)

Frequency (pitch)

35
Q

What is used to asses patients hearing thresholds?

A

Pure Tone Audiometry.

36
Q

What is a hearing threshold?

A

The quietest sound a person can hear.

37
Q

Name the 2 types of Pure Tone Audiometry that can be performed.

A

Air Conduction

Bone Conduction

38
Q

Air conduction and Bone conduction covers the ______ range.

A

speech

39
Q

The lower the points on the audiogram, the ________ the hearing.

A

worse

40
Q

What is used to present the tones during pure tone audiometry?

A

An audiometer.

41
Q

All speech sounds are marked on the audiogram- what do we call this?

A

The speech banana.

42
Q

If somebody has mild hearing loss they will find what sounds difficult to differentiate between?

A

Fricatives

some nasals

43
Q

If someone can’t distinguish between [p] and [b] they are likely to have ______ hearing loss.

A

moderate.

44
Q

name this:

A description of where, at a point in time, the sound wave is during its repeating cycle.

A

Phase.

45
Q

Two waveforms can have the same frequency and amplitude, but a different ________.

A

Phase.

46
Q

If 2 sin waves of the SAME frequency and SAME phase from different sources coincide what happens?

A

The regions of either BOTH POSITIVE PRESSURE or BOTH NEGATIVE PRESSURE combine.
This is called constructive interference.

47
Q

In constructive interference what happens to the sound?

A

It doubles the amplitude aka. its twice as loud.

48
Q

Describe Destructive Interference.

A

If 2 signals are out 180 degrees of phase, the positive and negative portions cancel each other out - there is no sound.

49
Q

What interference creates no sound as the waves cancel each other out?

A

Destructive interference.

50
Q

In interference if signals aren’t on the same frequency what sound is created?

A

A pulsing sound called the beat phenomenon.

51
Q

What is responsible for dead spots in an auditorium?

A

Destructive interference.

52
Q

What is responsible for live spots in an auditorium?

A

Constructive interference.

53
Q

Sound reflection, sound absorption, reverberation and attenuation all come under the heading of _____ ________.

A

room acoustics.

54
Q

What 3 things happen when a sound meets a surface?

A

Some sound energy is absorbed
Some is reflected
Some is lost as heat.

55
Q

What does an anechoic chamber do?

A

It reduces the reflection of sound, it absorbs all echoes.

56
Q

Name this:

The sound remaining after the sound source has stopped.

A

Reverberation.

57
Q

The time taken for the sound intensity to drop by 60dB from it’s original level is known as it’s ___________ time.

A

Reverberation.

58
Q

A cathedral has a ____ reverberation time.

A

Long.

59
Q

Precedence effect-
Direct sound always arrives ______ and always from the correct direction.
But there are lots and lots of ______ from all the surfaces and objects in the room (i.e. reverberation).

A

First

reflections

60
Q

What is attenuation?

A

The stopping os sound by enclosure or shielding.

61
Q

How do we measure sound energy?

A

Sound meter.

62
Q

What piece of equipment measures the noise level of a particular environment to check if it’s safe?

A

Dosimeter

63
Q

What is the dummy that measure what a human would hear called?

A

Free Field Calibration

Audiology and ENT Yr2 (21 decks)

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