Disease Prevention and Control [Iris Transes]

Question 1

❖ Interrupting or slowing the progress of the disorder or reducing the disability (World Health Organization, 2004).
❖ Reducing the likelihood that a disease or disorder will affect an individual.

Answer 1

Prevention and Control

Question 2

immunization, intake of vitamins, healthy lifestyle, etc.

Answer 2

■ Prevent the occurrence

Question 3

to stop the progress and implement medication.

Answer 3

■ Arrest progress

Question 4

rehabilitation/physical therapy.
o Completely eradicate disease.

Answer 4

■ Reduce consequences

Question 5

policies at the local state, and federal level affect individual and population health.

Answer 5

1. Policy Making

Question 6

reflect the social factors and physical conditions of the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work and age.

Answer 6

2. Social Factors (Physical or Social Determinants)

Question 7

Both access to health services and the quality of health services can impact health.

Answer 7

3. Health Services

Question 8

Determinants of health fall under several broad categories

Answer 8

1. Policy Making
2. Social Factors
3. Health Services
4. Individual Behavior
5. Biology and Genetics

Question 9

❖ The extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant.

Answer 9

Scope of Prevention and Control

Question 10

chemoprophylaxis, immunization, and health education.

Answer 10

❖ Individual

Question 11

provision of safe water/proper excreta disposal, health projects and programs

Answer 11

❖ Community-wide

Question 12

cases of disease no longer exist but one or more factors important in its occurrence still persist (e.g., Polio because of the perception of some people or region)

Answer 12

1. Elimination

Question 13

cases of disease and the agent of disease have been eliminate; transmission of the causative agent have stopped in an irreversible manner (e.g., Smallpox).

Answer 13

2. Eradication

Question 14

course a disease takes in individual people from its pathological onset (“inception”) until its eventual resolution through complete recovery or death.

Answer 14

o Natural History of Disease

Question 15

under epidemiological triad (Host, agent, environment)

Answer 15

o Disease Causation Model

Question 16

States that an external agent can cause diseases on a susceptible host where there is a conducive environment.

Answer 16

o Disease Causation Model

Question 17

❖ Successful ________depends upon

Answer 17

prevention

Question 18

_______ of causation

Answer 18

❖ Knowledge

Question 19

properties that stimulates the growth or process.

Answer 19

❖ Dynamics of transmission

Question 20

Hazard + Behavior

Answer 20

o Risk

Question 21

■ Identify the hazard
■ Characterization of risk

Answer 21

o Hazard

Question 22

❖ Availability of _______or early detection and treatment measures

Answer 22

prophylactic

Question 23

❖ An organization for applying these measures to ________persons or groups.

Answer 23

appropriate

Question 24

❖ Continuous evaluation of and __________of procedures applied.

Answer 24

development

Question 25

❖ Process begins with the appropriate exposure to or accumulation of factors sufficient for the disease process to begin in a susceptible host. ❖ Individual becomes more prone to develop a disease brought about by various factors due to a higher rate of exposure from the pathogen.

Answer 25

Stage of Susceptibility

Question 26

o Proportion of exposed individuals who are infected. o In this stage, the patient is still asymptomatic. o Determining how many among the exposed should isolate or quarantine in order to limit the exposure of a disease.

Answer 26

Infectivity

Question 27

o Proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease. o There are clinical manifestations or symptoms present.

Answer 27

Pathogenicity

Question 28

o Proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal. o Potential of a particular agent in terms of counteracting the activity of the body.

Answer 28

Virulence

Question 29

❖ Extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms. ❖ Pathologic changes already developed in this stage. ❖ The patient is still asymptomatic in this stage.

Answer 29

Stage of Subclinical Disease

Question 30

❖ The onset of symptoms. ❖ Validate the existence of an abnormality in the body. ❖ Determine severity and natural history. ❖ Most diagnoses are made in this stage.

Answer 30

Stage of Clinical Disease

Question 31

❖ Some diseases or not all disease progress into clinical diseases. ❖ Range as to the effect of disease process in an individual from mild, severe, or fatal (recovery, disability, or death).

Answer 31

Spectrum of disease

Question 32

❖ Process either ends in recovery disability or death. ❖ Stage whether the patient recuperates from the condition or it will worsen. ❖ Recovery or loss

Answer 32

Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death

Question 33

❖ Biological factors and behavioral factors ❖ Environmental factors ❖ Immunologic factors ❖ Nutritional factors ❖ Genetic factors ❖ Services, social factors, and spiritual factors

Answer 33

Preventable Causes of Disease

Question 34

Human capable of developing disease/an organism, usually human or animal, that harbors the disease.

Answer 34

o Host

Question 35

Biological organisms capable of causing disease/the cause of the disease

Answer 35

o Agent

Question 36

The favorable surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that cause or allow the disease or allow disease transmission.

Answer 36

o Environment

Question 37

can be physical, animal, insect; They need a reservoir for survival.

Answer 37

■ Reservoir

Question 38

❖ Host goes into change of infection from clinically inapparent symptoms to clinically apparent disease.

Answer 38

Gradient of Infection

Question 39

❖ Source or “habitat”

Answer 39

Reservoir

Question 40

o Most common for infectious diseases o Person-to-person

Answer 40

1. Human Reservoir

Question 41

A person identified as having the particular disease; apparent infection.

Answer 41

■ Case (Symptomatic)

Question 42

Inapparent infection

Answer 42

■ Carrier (Asymptomatic)

Question 43

o Animals that are infected by pathogens o Humans as incidental hosts o Zoonosis

Answer 43

2. Animal Reservoir

Question 44

o From soil and other inanimate matter o Can be a form of parasitic infection (e.g., Tetanus).

Answer 44

3. Environmental Reservoir

Question 45

❖ In epidemiology, trends over time influence diseases and health conditions.

Answer 45

o Secular trends

Question 46

changes in health conditions over a few years.

Answer 46

Cyclical Fluctuations

Question 47

– changes in health conditions within the period of a year or less.

Answer 47

Seasonal Fluctuations

Question 48

❖ Cause of disease consists of a constellation of component that act in concert to produce disease.

Answer 48

Sufficient Component Disease Model (For Non-communicable)

Question 49

disease cannot develop in its absence (e.g., if a is absent, b cannot occur)

Answer 49

o Necessary Cause

Question 50

cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably produces or initiates a disease

Answer 50

o Sufficient Cause

Question 51

contribution to sufficient cause; necessary for the completion of sufficient cause.

Answer 51

o Component Cause

Question 52

❖ Identify populations at high risk ❖ Assess exposure ❖ Causal mechanism

Answer 52

Strategies of Prevention Risk Assessment

Question 53

❖ Combination of program elements of strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health status among individuals or an entire population o Apply intervention o Evaluate intervention o Modify intervention

Answer 53

Intervention

Question 54

❖ Health promotion, control exposure, genetic testing and psychosocial support and early detection (screening).

Answer 54

Apply Intervention

Question 55

Evaluate Intervention

Answer 55

❖ Measure change in risk and monitor incidence/prevalence, stage of diagnosis, and use of healthier lifestyle and prevention practices.

Question 56

❖ Based on evaluation results ❖ Based on new scientific findings

Answer 56

Modify Intervention Strategies

Question 57

Underlying causation. conditions

Answer 57

Primordial

Question 58

Pre-pathogenesis Prevent occurrence (reduce incidence)

Answer 58

Primary

Question 59

Early stage of disease Arrest the progress (reduce prevalence)

Answer 59

Secondary

Question 60

Late stage of disease (treatment and rehabilitation) Prevent complication and consequences (reduce case fertility rate)

Answer 60

Tertiary