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CPH laboratory > Disease Prevention and Control [Iris Transes] > Flashcards

Disease Prevention and Control [Iris Transes] Flashcards

1
Q

❖ Interrupting or slowing the progress of the disorder or reducing the disability (World Health Organization, 2004).
❖ Reducing the likelihood that a disease or disorder will affect an individual.

A

Prevention and Control

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2
Q

immunization, intake of vitamins, healthy lifestyle, etc.

A

■ Prevent the occurrence

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3
Q

to stop the progress and implement medication.

A

■ Arrest progress

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4
Q

rehabilitation/physical therapy.
o Completely eradicate disease.

A

■ Reduce consequences

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5
Q

policies at the local state, and federal level affect individual and population health.

A
  1. Policy Making
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6
Q

reflect the social factors and physical conditions of the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work and age.

A
  1. Social Factors (Physical or Social Determinants)
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7
Q

Both access to health services and the quality of health services can impact health.

A
  1. Health Services
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8
Q

Determinants of health fall under several broad categories

A
  1. Policy Making
  2. Social Factors
  3. Health Services
  4. Individual Behavior
  5. Biology and Genetics
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9
Q

❖ The extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant.

A

Scope of Prevention and Control

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10
Q

chemoprophylaxis, immunization, and health education.

A

❖ Individual

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11
Q

provision of safe water/proper excreta disposal, health projects and programs

A

❖ Community-wide

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12
Q

cases of disease no longer exist but one or more factors important in its occurrence still persist (e.g., Polio because of the perception of some people or region)

A
  1. Elimination
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13
Q

cases of disease and the agent of disease have been eliminate; transmission of the causative agent have stopped in an irreversible manner (e.g., Smallpox).

A
  1. Eradication
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14
Q

course a disease takes in individual people from its pathological onset (“inception”) until its eventual resolution through complete recovery or death.

A

o Natural History of Disease

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15
Q

under epidemiological triad (Host, agent, environment)

A

o Disease Causation Model

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16
Q

States that an external agent can cause diseases on a susceptible host where there is a conducive environment.

A

o Disease Causation Model

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17
Q

❖ Successful ________depends upon

A

prevention

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18
Q

_______ of causation

A

❖ Knowledge

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19
Q

properties that stimulates the growth or process.

A

❖ Dynamics of transmission

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20
Q

Hazard + Behavior

A

o Risk

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21
Q

■ Identify the hazard
■ Characterization of risk

A

o Hazard

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22
Q

❖ Availability of _______or early detection and treatment measures

A

prophylactic

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23
Q

❖ An organization for applying these measures to ________persons or groups.

A

appropriate

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24
Q

❖ Continuous evaluation of and __________of procedures applied.

A

development

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25
Q

❖ Process begins with the appropriate exposure to or accumulation of factors sufficient for the disease process to begin in a susceptible host.

❖ Individual becomes more prone to develop a disease brought about by various factors due to a higher rate of exposure from
the pathogen.

A

Stage of Susceptibility

26
Q

o Proportion of exposed individuals who are infected.

o In this stage, the patient is still asymptomatic.

o Determining how many among the exposed should isolate or quarantine in order to limit the exposure of a disease.

A

Infectivity

27
Q

o Proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease.

o There are clinical manifestations or symptoms present.

A

Pathogenicity

28
Q

o Proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

o Potential of a particular agent in terms of counteracting the activity of the body.

A

Virulence

29
Q

❖ Extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms.

❖ Pathologic changes already developed in this stage.

❖ The patient is still asymptomatic in this stage.

A

Stage of Subclinical Disease

30
Q

❖ The onset of symptoms.

❖ Validate the existence of an abnormality in the body.

❖ Determine severity and natural history.

❖ Most diagnoses are made in this stage.

A

Stage of Clinical Disease

31
Q

❖ Some diseases or not all disease progress into clinical diseases.

❖ Range as to the effect of disease process in an individual from mild, severe, or fatal (recovery, disability, or death).

A

Spectrum of disease

32
Q

❖ Process either ends in recovery disability or death.

❖ Stage whether the patient recuperates from the condition or it will worsen.

❖ Recovery or loss

A

Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death

33
Q

❖ Biological factors and behavioral factors
❖ Environmental factors
❖ Immunologic factors
❖ Nutritional factors
❖ Genetic factors
❖ Services, social factors, and spiritual factors

A

Preventable Causes of Disease

34
Q

Human capable of developing disease/an organism, usually human or animal, that harbors the disease.

A

o Host

35
Q

Biological organisms capable of causing disease/the cause of the disease

A

o Agent

36
Q

The favorable surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that cause or allow the disease or allow disease transmission.

A

o Environment

37
Q

can be physical, animal, insect; They need a reservoir for survival.

A

■ Reservoir

38
Q

❖ Host goes into change of infection from clinically inapparent symptoms to clinically apparent disease.

A

Gradient of Infection

39
Q

❖ Source or “habitat”

A

Reservoir

40
Q

o Most common for infectious diseases
o Person-to-person

A
  1. Human Reservoir
41
Q

A person identified as having the particular disease; apparent infection.

A

■ Case (Symptomatic)

42
Q

Inapparent infection

A

■ Carrier (Asymptomatic)

43
Q

o Animals that are infected by pathogens
o Humans as incidental hosts
o Zoonosis

A
  1. Animal Reservoir
44
Q

o From soil and other inanimate matter
o Can be a form of parasitic infection (e.g., Tetanus).

A
  1. Environmental Reservoir
45
Q

❖ In epidemiology, trends over time influence diseases and health conditions.

A

o Secular trends

46
Q

changes in health conditions over a few years.

A

Cyclical Fluctuations

47
Q

– changes in health conditions within the period of a year or less.

A

Seasonal Fluctuations

48
Q

❖ Cause of disease consists of a constellation of component that act in concert to produce disease.

A

Sufficient Component Disease Model (For Non-communicable)

49
Q

disease cannot develop in its absence (e.g., if a is absent, b cannot occur)

A

o Necessary Cause

50
Q

cause is termed sufficient when it inevitably produces or initiates a disease

A

o Sufficient Cause

51
Q

contribution to sufficient cause; necessary for the completion of sufficient cause.

A

o Component Cause

52
Q

❖ Identify populations at high risk
❖ Assess exposure
❖ Causal mechanism

A

Strategies of Prevention Risk Assessment

53
Q

❖ Combination of program elements of strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health status among individuals or an entire population
o Apply intervention
o Evaluate intervention
o Modify intervention

A

Intervention

54
Q

❖ Health promotion, control exposure, genetic testing and psychosocial support and early detection (screening).

A

Apply Intervention

55
Q

Evaluate Intervention

A

❖ Measure change in risk and monitor incidence/prevalence, stage of diagnosis, and use of healthier lifestyle and prevention practices.

56
Q

❖ Based on evaluation results
❖ Based on new scientific findings

A

Modify Intervention Strategies

57
Q

Underlying causation. conditions

A

Primordial

58
Q

Pre-pathogenesis
Prevent occurrence (reduce incidence)

A

Primary

59
Q

Early stage of disease
Arrest the progress (reduce prevalence)

A

Secondary

60
Q

Late stage of disease (treatment and rehabilitation)

Prevent complication and consequences (reduce case fertility rate)

A

Tertiary

CPH laboratory (9 decks)

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