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Biology > Disease and the Immune system > Flashcards

Disease and the Immune system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define the term disease

A

a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

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2
Q

what is a pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease

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3
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

a disease that can be spread between organisms

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4
Q

what type of pathogen causes TB and what does it commonly affect

A

bacterium, animals typically humans and cattle

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5
Q

what type of pathogen causes bacterial meningitis and what does it commonly affect

A

bacteria and humans

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6
Q

what type of pathogen causes ring rot and what does it commonly affect

A

bacteria, potatoes and tomatoes

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7
Q

what type of pathogen causes HIV and what does it commonly affect

A

virus and humans

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8
Q

what type of pathogen causes tobacco mosaic virus and what does it commonly affect

A

virus, plants

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9
Q

what type of pathogen causes influenza and what does it commonly affect

A

animals, including humans

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10
Q

what type of pathogen causes ringworm and what does it commonly affect

A

fungus and cattle

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11
Q

what type of pathogen causes athletes foot and what does it commonly affect

A

fungus and humans

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12
Q

what type of pathogen causes potato/tomato late blight and what does it commonly affect

A

protoctist and potatoes/tomatoes

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13
Q

what type of pathogen causes malaria and what does it commonly affect

A

protoctist and animals including humans

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14
Q

what type of pathogen causes black Sigatoka and what does it commonly affect

A

fungus and banana plants

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15
Q

what is direct transmission and what type of diseases can be transmitted this way

A

when a disease is transmitted directly from one organism to another through droplet infection, intercourse or touch
HIV and athletes foot

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16
Q

what is indirect transmission and what examples of disease can be transmitted this way

A

when a disease is transmitted via a medium
malaria

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17
Q

what factors affect transmission

A

living conditions, social factors, climate

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18
Q

what are some non specific defence mechanisms against pathogens

A

skin- physical and produces chemicals which are antimicrobial
mucous membrane- traps pathogens
inflammation- swelling helps isolate pathogens that have entered damaged tissue and vasodilation increases blood flow to affected area
wound repair- skin repair using collagen fibres
expulsive reflexes- sneezing

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19
Q

what are some examples of plant physical defences

A

waxy cuticle acts as a physical barrier
cell walls
callose deposited between plant cell walls and plasma membranes which can make it harder for pathogen to enter the cell

20
Q

what are antigens

A

molecules found on the surface of cells

21
Q

describe the process of phagocytosis

A

phagocyte recognises antigens on a pathogen
cytoplasm of phagocyte moves around pathogen, engulfing it
this is made easier by opsonins that are in blood and attach to foreign antigens to aid phagocytes
pathogen is contained in a phagosome
a lysosome fuses with the phagosome
the phagocyte then presents the pathogen’s antigens and is known as an antigen-presenting cell

22
Q

what type of white blood cell are a type of phagocyte

A

neutrophils

23
Q

what proteins act as messenger molecules send signals to neutrophils

A

cytokines

24
Q

What is a T lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cell covered in receptors

25
Q

how do t lymphocytes work

A

the receptors on the surface bind to a complimentary antigen and this activates the t lymphocyte known as clonal selection, the t lymphocyte then undergoes clonal expansion and it divides to produce clones of itself

26
Q

what are the different types of t lymphocytes and what are their functions

A

T helper cells- release substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
T killer cells- attach and kill cells that are infected with a virus
T regulatory cells- suppress the immune response from other white blood cells, to stop immune system cells from mistakenly attacking the hosts body cells
some activated T cells become memory cells

27
Q

describe the process of B lymphocyte activation and plasma cell production

A

B lymphocytes are covered in antibodies
each b lymphocyte had a different shaped antibody so bind to different shaped antigens to form antigen-antibody complex
this, together with substances released from T helper cells activates the b lymphocyte
this is another example of clonal selection
activated b lymphocyte then divides by mitosis in plasma cells and memory cells
another example of clonal expansion

28
Q

how is cell signalling used in the immune response

A

T helper cells release interleukins that bind to receptors on B lymphocytes

29
Q

name three types of white blood cells

A

monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil

30
Q

what is the structure of an antibody

A

glycoproteins
made up of four polypeptide chains- two heavy chains and two light chains
variable regions form the antigen-binding sites
hinge region allows flexibility when antibody binds to antigen
constant regions allow binding to receptors on immune system cells
disulphide bridges hold chains together

31
Q

what are the three main ways antibodies help clear infection and give a brief description of each

A

agglutinating pathogens- antibody binds to two pathogens and they become clumped together, then undergoes phagocytosis
neutralising toxins- anti-toxins can bind to the toxins produced by pathogens so they don’t affect human cells
preventing the pathogen binding to a human cell- antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens so block cell-surface receptors that pathogens need to bind to host cells

32
Q

what is the primary immune response

A

when a pathogen enters the body for the first time and the antigens on the surface activation the immune system

33
Q

what do both T and B lymphocytes produce

A

memory cells

34
Q

what does the term immune mean

A

immune system has the ability to respond quickly to a second infection

35
Q

compare primary and secondary response

A

primary- enters first time, slow, B and T lymphocytes, symptoms
secondary- enters for second time, fast, memory cells, no symptoms

36
Q

what is active immunity and what are the two types

A

when immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen
natural- when you become immune to a disease after catching it
artificial- immune after vaccination

37
Q

what is passive immunity and what are the two types

A

type of immunity when you get given antibodies made by a different organisms
natural- when a baby receives antibodies through placenta and breast milk
artificial- getting injected with antibodies from someone else

38
Q

what are the differences between active and passive immunity

A

active- requires exposure to antigen, takes a while to develop, protection is long term, memory cells produced
passive- no exposure to antigen, production is immediate, short-term, memory cells not produced

39
Q

what is an autoimmune disease and give an example

A

when an immune system cannot recognise self antigens so are treated like foreign antigens, lupus

39
Q

how does vaccination work

A

vaccines contain substances that cause your body to produce memory cells without the pathogen causing disease
substances tend to be dead or attenuated pathogen
can also be mRNA designed to code for antigens on a pathogen

40
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when a large percentage of a population is vaccinated so even those who haven’t been vaccinated are unlikely to get the disease

41
Q

define the term vaccination

A

the administration of a substance designed to stimulate the immune system

42
Q

what are antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

43
Q

what causes antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

genetic variation due to mutations and that allele being passed on to offspring

44
Q

what are the problems with antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

increased use of antibiotics increases antibiotic resistant strains developing

45
Q

how are doctors trying to prevent the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

developing new antibiotics or modifying existing ones
reduce distribution of antibiotics
take all the antibiotics to make sure infection is fully cleared

46
Q
A

Biology (25 decks)

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