classification and evolution

Question 1

what is classification

Answer 1

arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

Question 2

what is taxonomy

Answer 2

the study of classification

Question 3

what are the three domains and what organisms are contained in each domain

Answer 3

Eukarya- 80s ribosomes
Bacteria- 70s ribosomes
archaea- 8/10 proteins and 70s ribosomes

Question 4

how are organisms organised

Answer 4

taxonomic hierarchy

Question 5

what are the five kingdoms and what are their characteristics

Answer 5

prokaryotes- unicellular, no membrane bound organelles
animalia- multicellular, no cell wall, no chloroplasts e.g bacteria
plantae- multicellular, contain chlorophyll, food stored as starch e.g moss
fungi- chitin cell wall, multi/uni cellular, membrane bound organelles e.g mushrooms
protoctist- mainly unicellular, some contain chloroplasts some parasitic e.g alagae
animalia- eukaryotic, multicellular e.g fish

Question 6

what are the eight levels of taxonomic hierarchy in order

Answer 6

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 7

what is the nomenclature used for classification called and how does it work

Answer 7

binomial system
first part of the name is the genus name and has a capital letter, the second part is the species name and begins with a lower case

Question 8

what is phylogeny

Answer 8

the study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Question 9

according to phylogeny what does species mean

Answer 9

the smallest group that shares a common ancestor

Question 10

what evidence has led to the development of classification systems

Answer 10

molecular evidence- analysing similarities in proteins and DNA
new technology - better microscopes to study DNA
cellular evidence- the bonds in lipids in the cell membrane of Bacteria and Archaea are different

Question 11

what is variation

Answer 11

differences that exist between individuals

Question 12

what is intraspecific variation

Answer 12

variation within a species

Question 13

what is interspecific variation

Answer 13

variation between species

Question 14

what is continuous variation and give some examples

Answer 14

when the individuals in a population vary within a range, no distinct categories e.g height, mass, milk yield

Question 15

what is discontinuous variation and what are some examples

Answer 15

when there are two or more distinct categories, no intermediates
e.g blood groups, colour of plants, seed shape

Question 16

what are some causes of variation

Answer 16

genetic factors- individuals of the same species have the same genes but different versions called alleles, this makes up the genotype and differences in the genotype result in a varied phenotype
environmental factors- climate, food, lifestyle

Question 17

what does standard deviation tell you

Answer 17

how much the values in a single sample vary

Question 18

what does each element in the standard deviation calculation represent

Answer 18

S= standard deviation
E= sum of
x= value in data set
x with line on top- mean
n= number of values

Question 19

what does the null hypothesis state

Answer 19

that there is no correlation between factors investigated

Question 20

what are adaptations

Answer 20

features that increase chances of survival and reproduction

Question 21

what are behavioural adaptions and give examples

Answer 21

way an organism acts
possums play dead

Question 22

what are physiological adaptations and Gove some examples

Answer 22

processes inside an organisms body
bears hibernate (lower their rate of metabolism)

Question 23

what are anatomical adaptations and give some examples

Answer 23

structural features of an organisms body
otters are streamlined

Question 24

what is convergent evolution

Answer 24

when two species evolve similar characteristics due to being in similar environments

Question 25

what were Darwin’s key observations

Answer 25

organisms produce more offspring than survive
variation in characteristics of the same species
some characteristics can be passed onto next generation
individuals best adapted are more likely to survive

Question 26

what is the theory of natural selection

Answer 26

individuals within a population show variation in their phenotypes
selection pressures such as disease can create struggle for survival
individuals with better adaptations are more likely to survive and have reproductive success
over time the proportion of population possessing advantageous adaptation increases

Question 27

what is an example o natural selection

Answer 27

peppered moths and dark coloured moths in Victorian era

Question 28

what evidence is there to support evolution

Answer 28

fossil record evidence
molecular evidence e.g DNA
molecular evidence like proteins like the sequence of amino acids

Question 29

what are some of the implications of pesticide resistance for humans

Answer 29

crop infestations, broader pesticides used which could kill useful insects
population of insects could evolve which are resistant to all pesticides
costly and time consuming to make and develop