Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Cell Divison > Flashcards

Cell Divison Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase, M phase and cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the processes occuring in interphase

A

G1 phase- cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made
G1 checkpoint- cell checks chemicals needed for replication are present and check for any DNA damage
S phase- cell replicates its DNA ready to divide
G2 phase- cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made
G2 checkpoint- cell undergoes apoptosis if DNA has been damaged but if not cell undergoes mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the structure of chromosomes in mitosis

A

chromosomes made up of two strands joined by a centromere, separate strands are called chromatids, called sister chromatids if two strands on the same chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the four stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe what happens during prophase

A

chromosomes condense, centrioles move to opposite end of cell forming the spindle, nuclear enveloped breaks down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe what happens during metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and become attached to spindle by centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe what happens during anaphase

A

centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids, spindles contract and pull chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe what happens during telophase

A

chromatids reach opposite poles on the spindle, uncoil and become long and thin, called chromosomes again, nuclear envelope forms around each new group of chromosomes, two nuclei present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe what happens during cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides, cleavage furrow forms, two daughter cells produced which are genetically identical to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is mitosis necessary for organisms

A

allows growth and repair, some organisms reproduce asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are zygotes

A

two gametes joined together through fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a diploid cell

A

cell containing two of each chromosome (one from mum and one from dad)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are pairs of matching chromosomes called

A

homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of cells are haploid cells

A

gametes (only one copy of each chromosome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is meiosis

A

type of cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes, produce genetically different cells because each new cell ends up with a different combination of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis

A

chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell forming spindle fibre, nuclear envelope breaks down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what occurs during metaphase 1 of meiosis

A

homologous pairs line up across the centre of the cell and attach to spindle fibres by their centromeres

18
Q

what occurs during anaphase 1 of meiosis

A

spindles contract, pulling pairs apart so one chromosome goes to each end of the cell

19
Q

what occurs during telophase 1 of meiosis

A

nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes, cytokinesis occurs and two haploid cells are produced

20
Q

what occurs during meiosis 2

A

same as meiosis 1 but with half the number of chromosomes, in anaphase 2 sister chromatids are separated, each new daughter cell inherits one chromatid from each chromosome, four haploid cells are produced

21
Q

how does crossing over cause genetic variation

A

during prophase 1 homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up, chromatids twist around each other and bits of the chromatid switch over, causing a different combination of alleles but same genes

22
Q

how does independent assortment cause genetic variation

A

when homologous pairs are lined up in metaphase 1 and then separated in anaphase 1 its completely random which chromosome from each pair end up in which daughter cell

23
Q

what are stem cells

A

unspecialised cells which can develop into any type of cell

24
Q

what type of disease could be treated with stem cells

A

type 1 diabetes, alzeiheimers, parkinson’s and heart disease

25
Q

how are erythrocytes specialised

A

biconcave shape provides large surface area for gas exchange, no nucleus so more room for haemoglobin

26
Q

how are neutrophils specialised

A

flexible shape allowing them to engulf foreign particles, many lysosomes containing digestive enzymes to breakdown pathogens

27
Q

epithelial cells

A

ciliated epithelia have cilia to beat particles awa, others have microvilli which increase surface area
squamous epithelia are very thin to allow efficient diffusion of gases

28
Q

how are sperm cells specialised

A

have a flagellum so they can swim to the egg, lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim, acrosome contains digestive enzymes to enable the sperm to penetrate the surface of the egg

29
Q

how are palisade mesophyll cells specialised

A

contain many chloroplasts, walls are thin so CO2 can diffuse easily into the cell

30
Q

how are root hair cells specialised

A

have a large surface area, permeable cell wall, cytoplasm contains lots of mitochondria for active transport

31
Q

how are guard cells specialised

A

in light take up water to become turgid, their thin outer walls and thickened inner walls forced them to bend outwards opening the stomata

32
Q

define the term tissue

A

group of cells that are specialised to work together to carry out a particular function

33
Q

how is squamous epithelial tissue specialised and where it is found

A

thin exchange surface for diffusion, found in many places including alveoli in the lungs

34
Q

where is ciliated epithelium found

A

found on surfaces where things need to be used like the trachea where cilia wave mucus along

35
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue and what is its basic structure

A

bundles of elongated cells called muscle fibres
smooth, cardiac and skeletal

36
Q

describe cartilage

A

type of connection time tissue, formed when cells called chrondoblasts secrete extracellular matrix

37
Q

describe the role and basic structure of xylem tissue

A

transports water and supports the plant, contains hollow xylem vessels made up of which are dead

38
Q

describe the structure and role of phloem tissue

A

transports sugar around the plant, arranged in tubes made up of sieve cells and companion cells and some ordinary plant cells

39
Q

define the term organ

A

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

40
Q

give two examples of organs, one for plants and one for animals

A

lungs and leaf

41
Q

erythrocytes and and neutrophils are derived from stem cells from where

A

bone marrow

42
Q

xylem and phloem are produced from stem cells found where

A

meristems

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions