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Biology A Level > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

Health can be defined as your physical, mental and social wellbeing.

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2
Q

If you’re in good health what are you like?

A
  • free from disease/illness
  • have good nutrition - balanced diet
  • are suitably housed - with proper sanitation
  • well intergrated into society
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3
Q

What is meant by disease?

A

Disease is defined as a DEPARTURE FROM GOOD HEALTH

A disease is a MALFUNCTION of the body or mind, which causes SYMPTOMS
The symptoms may be PHYSICAL MENTAL SOCIAL

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4
Q

What are parasites?

A

Parasites are organisms that live on or in another living thing (the host)

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5
Q

What do parasites often gain from their host?

A

Parasites often grain nutrition/energy from the host

It is this leaching of energy that means parasites may cause damage/disease to the host

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6
Q

Do ALL parasites cause disease?

A

NO,

NOT ALL PARASITES CAUSE DISEASE

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7
Q

Define what is meant by an external parasite?

A

Some parasites live ON their host and these parasites are called

External parasites

E.g. Headlice which live in people’s hair

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8
Q

Define the term internal parasite?

A

Some parasites live IN their host - these parasites are called INTERNAL parasites

E.g. Tapeworms that live in the digestive system

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9
Q

How do parasites benefit from living in/on a host?

A

Parasites benefit from this relationship with the host by gaining WARMTH, PROTECTION and allows TRANSMISSION/SPREAD to a new host

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10
Q

Is it possible for parasites to live unnoticed by their host?

A

It is possible for parasites to live unnoticed by their host
It is probably better for a parasite to live unnoticed so that the host doesn’t try to remove it

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11
Q

What can some parasites do?

A

Some parasites may cause damage that allows other organisms to INVADE the host and cause SECONDARY INFECTIONS

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12
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes disease

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13
Q

Why are there numerous types of microorganism that are in or on the body?

A

The human body creates a good habitat in which microorganism can live.

Microorganism = bacteria/viruses/fungi

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14
Q

What will many of the microorganism do that live in the body?

A

Many microorganism won’t cause harm and may be beneficial
However, pathogens live by TAKING NUTRITION FROM THEIR HOST, but also causing DAMAGE in the process - this can be considerable

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15
Q

What kingdom do bacteria belong to ?

A

Prokaryotae

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16
Q

Even though bacteria’s have smaller cells than us what can they still do?

A

Bacteria cells are smaller than ours but they can still reproduce rapidly.

17
Q

In the right conditions how long does it take some bacteria to divide?

A

20 Minutes approx.

18
Q

Why can bacteria be harmful when present in the body?

A
  • their presence can cause disease by damaging cells

Or releasing toxic waste products

19
Q

Are viruses the smallest microbe?

A

Yes - They are the smallest microbe.
They are very difficult to see even with an electron microscope
The largest virus is about 0.0000003 mm wide

20
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Viruses INVADE cells
Then take over the GENETIC MACHINERY
And other organelles of the cell
They then cause the cell to MANUFACTURE more copies of the VIRUS
The host cell eventually BURSTS releasing many new viruses

21
Q

What is the name of the fungus that causes Athlete’s foot and ringworm?

A

Athletes foot and ringworm is caused by TINEA

22
Q

Where does the fungus live in a host?

A

The fungus lives in the SKIN
When it sends out reproductive HYPAHE (reproductive fibres)
These hyphae grow out to the surface of the skin to release SPORES
These SPORES cause severe irritation and redness

23
Q

What else can spores do apart from cause severe irritation and redness?

A

Spores can travel though the air and affect other people

24
Q

What are protoctista (Protozoa)

A

Protozoa are single-celled organisms

They are not classified as bacteria or any other group as theyre their own group.

25
Q

Give examples of diseases caused by animal-lie protoctista?

A
  • ameboid dysentery and malaria
26
Q

How do Protozoa usually cause harm?

A
  • protoctista usually cause harm by ENTERING HOST CELLS and FEEDING ON THE CONTENTS as they grow

E.g. The malaria parasite has immature forms that feed on the contents of red blood cells

27
Q

What must a pathogen do in order to cause disease?

A
  • travel from one host to another
  • get into the host’s tissues
  • reproduce
  • cause damage to the host’s tissues and leave host tissue’s
28
Q

Is there only one way in which diseases can be transmitted from one individual to another?

A

NO There are lots of different ways in which disease can be transmitted from one individual to another

29
Q

What types of transmission are there?

A

Direct

Indirect transmission

30
Q

Define what is meant by direct transmission?

A

Direct transmission is the passing of a pathogen from host to new host with no intermediary.

31
Q

Give 4 examples of disease transmission through direct transmission?

A
  • direct contact (touch)
  • faecal-oral transmission
  • droplet infection
  • spores
32
Q

Examples of diseases transmitted through touch - direct contact?

A

HIV

Ringworm

33
Q

Examples of diseases transmitted through faecal-oral transmission?

A
  • cholera

- Salmonella

34
Q

Diseases transmitted through droplet infection?

A
  • TB

- influenza

35
Q

Disease transmitted through spores?

A

Tetanus

Anthrax

36
Q

Define indirect transmission?

A
  • this is the passing of a pathogen from host to new host via a vector
37
Q

What is a vector?

A

A vector is another organism that may be used by the pathogen to gain entry into the primary host/

38
Q

What climates do many bacteria, protoctists and fungi grow and reproduce best in?

A

Bacteria reproduce more in warm and moist conditions - tropical diseases

39
Q

List the social factors which affect the transmission of diseases

A
  • overcrowding - many people living and sleeping together in one house
  • poor ventilation
  • poor health
  • poor diet
  • homelessness
  • living and working with people who have migrated from areas where a disease is more common e.g. Nurses or doctors or people from tropical countries

Biology A Level (36 decks)

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