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biology EOY 🧑🏽‍🔬 > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Infectious diseases caused by pathogens

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2
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

A virus will infect a host cell and begin to replicate inside a cell the virus produces copies of its genetic material & protein coats thousands of times, causing the cell to burst and infecting other nearby cells with the virus

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3
Q

What is a vector in biology

A

Any organism that functions as a carrier of an infectious agent between organisms of a different species

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4
Q

Explain how the housefly can transmit disease to humans

A

Houseflies usually stay near bins, feeces and rotting flesh, the tiny hairs on their legs pick up these germs and when they sit on any food items the pathogens are transmitted onto the food, which when we eat will give us various diseases

When a house fly eats food infected with bacteria’s viruses or parasites they accumulate the pathogens within their oesophagus or digestive system, flies regurgitate from the mouthparts whenever they come to rest therefore mechanically transmit diseases to other species

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5
Q

What is a protist and name one disease caused by it

A

A protist which is a group of microorganisms that have features that belong to animals plants and fungi eg malaria

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6
Q

What is a virus and give one example of a disease caused by it

A

A virus is an infective agent made up of genetic material surrounded by a coat of proteins and lipids. Eg HIV/AIDS

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7
Q

What is a bacteria and give an example of one disease caused by it

A

A group of prokaryotic microorganisms which have a cell wall without cellulose and without a nucleus they also can produce dangerous toxins and cause inflammation eg tuberculosis (TB)

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8
Q

What is a fungus and give an example of a disease caused by it

A

A fungus group of eukaryotic spore producing organisms feeding on organic matter including moulds and mushrooms eg. Ringworm

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9
Q

What type of pathogen causes measles and chickenpox

A

Virus

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10
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Pathogens are disease causing viruses, bacteria fungi or protists which can infect animals and plants

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11
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When the majority of a population is vaccinated against a pathogen, it breaks the pathogen’s chain of infection hence, vaccination prevents the spread of disease, meaning the virus essentially disappears because it is unable to pass from person to person

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12
Q

What type of drug can be used too control HIV

A

Antiretroviral

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13
Q

State 2 ways in which HIV can spread

A

Unprotected sexual intercourse
If blood transfusion from someone infected with HIV

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14
Q

List two symptoms of salmonella food poisoning

A

Diarrhoea and fever

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15
Q

What does the salmonella bacterium produce that causes these symptoms

A

Toxins (both endo and exotoxins )

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16
Q

Why is it necessary to vaccinate poultry

A

To prevent the spread of salmonella because vaccination is the most practical method for controlling infectious diseases so if poultry is vaccinated there is a vary small chance of catching salmonella from it

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17
Q

Suggest one way that a person suffering from salmonella can prevent passing the disease on to someone else

A

Wash your hands after going to the bathroom

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18
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread and what are the symptoms

A

Spread through unprotected sex and the symptoms include pain passing urine and unusual discharge from the vagina or penis

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19
Q

Name the antibiotic originally used to treat people infected with gonorrhoea

A

Sulfonamides

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20
Q

Why do sulphonamides no longer protect against gonorrhoea

A

Because the gonococcal resistance to sulphonamides became widespread by the mid19402

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21
Q

Describe how the skin helps to defend the body against pathogens

A

Skin serves as a barrier of defence against pathogens specialised immune cells within skin tissue help fight invading organisms and if cut the skin immediately begins to heal itself often by forming a scab to prevent infection

22
Q

How do structures in the nose help defend the body against the entry of pathogens

A

The nose has internal hairs acting as a physical barrier to infection and cells in the nose produce mucus which traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs

23
Q

List 2 symptoms of salmonella food poisoning

A

Diarrhoea and fever

24
Q

Describe how the body works to defend itself against pathogens that have entered the body

A

The immune system protects the body from pathogens, if a pathogen gets past the first line of defence (the non specific defences) the immune system works to neutralise or destroy the pathogen, preventing or minimising infection.White blood cells are a very important part of the immune system there are phagocytes which are usually the first line of defence after a pathogen has made it inside the body phagocytes surround any pathogens in the blood and engulf them in a process called phagocytosis. Lymphocytes however, are usually the second line of defence and produce antibodies that respond to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, neutralising the toxins memory cells remain in the blood stream leading to quicker and stronger defence against a secondary infection by the same pathogen and is a long term highly specific and targeted response against a pathogen

25
Q

What is an active site

A

A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

26
Q

What is injected during a vaccination

A

A weakened/inactive form of a pathogen

27
Q

If someone had the MMR vaccine why would they be unlikely to become ill with mumps

A

Because the white blood cells would already have made an antibody for the mumps pathogen so they’ll kill off the virus before it attacks enough cells to make the person sick

28
Q

The student prepared uncontaminated cultures of the bacteria on agar plates why was it important that the cultures were not contaminated

A

Because it ensures that the bacteria being studied are only the ones present in that culture making it easier to conduct accurate research

29
Q

Why is it important that bacteria isn’t incubated above 25 degrees

A

To reduce the chance of growing harmful pathogens which thrive at body temperature (37 degrees)

30
Q

In the 18th century did not wear special clothing or wash their hands before operations many of their patients died of infections suggest why

A

Because the surgeon has bacteria on their hands as they hadn’t washed their hands their is a risk of spreading potentially deadly germs to patients

31
Q

What is the maximum temperature at which bacteria should be incubated in a school laboratory

A

25 degrees celsius

32
Q

What is an inhibition zone

A

An area of media where bacteria are unable to grow due to presence of a drug impeding their growth

33
Q

Explain why it is difficult to treat diseases caused by viruses

A

Because a virus infects a cell and hijacks the cells machinery in order to create copies of itself so destroying the virus will often mean destroying the cell the virus is inside of

34
Q

Suggest three things that can be done while preparing plates to prevent contamination of cultures

A

Sterilise all equipment used
Use an aseptic working technique
Avoid coughing, sneezing or talking over the plate

35
Q

Explain why there were large numbers of deaths from influenza in years such as 1918 and 1951

A

Because even though many people had became immune to influenza it evolves so often that people would no longer have immunity to this new strand which could possibly be more dangerous than the last causing them to catch it again and die.

36
Q

What is an antibody

A

Proteins produced by the white blood cells that can bind to specific antigens such as viruses or bacteria helping to neutralise or destroy them

37
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Drugs that kill infective bacteria inside the body

38
Q

What are antiseptics

A

They stop or slow down the growth of microorganisms outside the body

39
Q

What are antitoxins

A

substances that neutralize toxins produced by harmful pathogens

40
Q

What is mrsa and how does it spread

A

They are a group of bacteria that are resistant to common antibiotics and they can get into a skin injury such as cuts

41
Q

Why is it advised not to take an antibiotic for a viral infection

A

Because viruses are surrounded by a protein coating; they don’t have cell walls to be attacked by antibiotics like bacteria does.

42
Q

Why is it advised to not stop taking the antibiotic once you feel better

A

To prevent relapse of the infection and development of antibiotic resistance

43
Q

Describe how antibiotic resistance arises

A

Since bacteria are extremely numerous, random mutation of DNA causes a wide variety of genetic changes through mutation and selection, bacteria can develop defence mechanisms against antibiotics. the presence of antibiotics pressure bacteria to adapt, so the antibiotics kill some germs that cause infection the anti microbial resistant germs survive and multiply those surviving germs have resistance traits in their DNA and as they multiply more and more of those germs will have this trait.

44
Q

Why do pathogens make us feel ill

A

By killing cells or disrupting cell function through the production of toxins

45
Q

There have been no cases of polio in the uk for many years suggest one reason why children are still vaccinated

A

In case cases of polio were to be found the herd immunity would be strong enough that there is a low chance people unable to have the vaccine would be infected reducing the chance of a big outbreak

46
Q

Compare the size of a bacterium with a virus

A

A bacterium is much bigger than a virus

47
Q

What is used to treat a virus

A

Antivirals eg trizivir

48
Q

How do plasmodium spread

A

Through the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito

49
Q

What are the different types of spreading an infection

A

Droplet infection (coughing sneezing)
Contaminated food/ water/ blood

50
Q

Explain how immunity is produced in the body after vaccination

A

Vaccination starts the bodies immune response against a pathogen causing the lymphocytes to produce antibodies specifically for the pathogen’s antigens. Memory cells stay in the blood which leads to a quicker and stronger immune response against a secondary infection from the same pathogen, reducing or stopping infection.

51
Q

Suggest why a booster is necessary

A

Help to ‘boost’ the immunity received from the initial vaccine ensuring the body has made enough antibodies for the pathogen

biology EOY 🧑🏽‍🔬 (8 decks)

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