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biology EOY 🧑🏽‍🔬 > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

Complex cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Give an example of a eukaryotic organism

A

Dog

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

Simple cells which lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles and are smaller than eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What is an organelle

A

A sub cellular structure that has one or more specific job to perform in the cell eg. Nucleus

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5
Q

Function of a nucleus

A

Contains genetic information as genes on chromosomes and controls the activities of the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Transports materials around the cell such as nutrients

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

Controlling what goes in and out of the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Uses aerobic respiration to produce energy needed for the cell to survive and function

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10
Q

Example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacterium

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11
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

Protects the internal contents of the cell, providing strength and structure

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13
Q

What is DNA

A

The chemical making up the genetic material of all living organisms

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14
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

Size of image /size of real object

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15
Q

How do magnification and resolution compare between electron and light microscopes

A

Both magnification and resolution are much higher with electron microscopes

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16
Q

Explain how microscopy has increased understanding of subcelular structures

A

Produces clearer/ more detailed images so we can see smaller structures eg. Ribosomes which we wont be able to see with a light microscope

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17
Q

When may an iodine stain be used to view a sample of a tissue

A

When the specimen is colourless

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18
Q

What is the purpose of adjustment knobs

A

Adjusting focus

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19
Q

If you want to see cells at a greater magnification what steps should you take

A

Move the stage down if it is too close to the lense using the adjustment knobs and then choose an objective lease with a higher magnification

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20
Q

How to produce an accurate and useful drawing of a cell

A

Use clear unbroken lines
Use a ruler to draw label lines
No shading

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21
Q

Structure and function of a root hair cell

A

Long finger like projection increases surface area for absorption of water

22
Q

Structure and function of a xylem

A

Cells that are hollow in the centre and have no end cell walls form a continuous tube for transporting water from roots to leaves

23
Q

Structure and function of a phloem

A

Very few subcellular structures and holes in the end cell walls allow dissolved sugars to move from one cell to the next

24
Q

What is specialisation

A

As an organism develops some of its cells develop different structures and change into different types of cells allowing the cells to carry out specific functions

25
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell

A

To swim and to fertilise an egg

26
Q

Explain how the structure of a sperm cell helps it to achieve its function

A

A tail (flagella) helps it to swim by itself to reach the egg
streamlined head to reduce drag helping it reach a higher speed
Lots of mitochondria to power them

27
Q

What is a meristem

A

Regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division

28
Q

What is a stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell which is not yet specialised and therefore can form a specialised cell

29
Q

Describe three benefits of producing cloned parts from stem cells

A

Plants produced free from diseases
Rare and endangered species can simply be cloned
The process is rapid

30
Q

How can bone marrow cells be used to grow different types of cells

A

Stem cells are extracted from bone marrow
Stem cells are cloned in culture medium
Different cell types are produced

31
Q

Give 2 examples of where stem cells can be found for medical treatments

A

Bone marrow, liver

32
Q

Name 1 condition that can be helped by treatment using stem cells

A

Heart failure

33
Q

Give one potential risk of using stem cells in medical treatments

A

The cells could be rejected

34
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

Transfer of the nucleus from a cell of a patient to an egg with its nucleus removed

35
Q

Explain the benefit of using stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning for medical treatments

A

The embryo will have the same genetic makeup as the patient so they wont be rejected

36
Q

Discuss the ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells in medicine and research

A

It can be considered the manufacture and destruction of human life and some ethical groups believe that only God should have that power and we shall not play God.
Also the cloned child will undergo physical mental and emotional pain without consent which some people think is morally wrong

37
Q

Which type of cell is oldest and simplest

A

Prokaryote

38
Q

What is one benefit of having DNA housed in a nucleus

A

An extra layer of protection

39
Q

What is a flagellum

A

The tail like organelle that most bacterias have to aid their movement

40
Q

What is a cilia

A

Small, hair - like structures found on the surface of certain cells, used to move substances across the surface of cells

41
Q

Equation for size of image

A

Magnification x size of real object

42
Q

Equation for size of real object

A

Size of image / magnification

43
Q

What is the cell wall made of

A

Cellulose

44
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast

A

To photosynthsise

45
Q

What is the funtion of the vacuole

A

Help with the storage and disposal of various substances within a plant cell

46
Q

What are chromosomes made of

A

DNA

47
Q

What controls the rate of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm

A

Enzymes

48
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 chromosomes and 23 pairs of

49
Q

What is the chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis to make food

50
Q

What is the method for observing cells

A
  1. Gently scrape the inside lining of your cheek with a clean cotton wool swab
    •2. Smear swab onto clean glass slide
    •3. Add 1 drop of methyl blue stain
    •4. Place cover slip over stain
    •5. Under the light microscope, locate and observe your cheek cells under low, medium and high power
51
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Eyepeice lense x objective lenses

52
Q

What is the equation triangle for magnification, actual size of object and size of image

A

Size of image
Magnification Actual size of object

biology EOY 🧑🏽‍🔬 (8 decks)

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