Circulation And Cancer Pt2

Question 1

What are communicable diseases

Answer 1

Diseases that can be passed from one person to another these are caused by pathogens

Question 2

What are non communicable diseases

Answer 2

Those that are not infectious they are rarely caused by a single agent, usually factors just increase the likelihood contracting the disease

Question 3

These risk factors may be inherited, caused by faulty genes passed on by parents such as

Answer 3

Mutation on one gene on a chromosome or an extra / missing chromosome

Question 4

Some risk factors are caused by lifestyle such as

Answer 4

Smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise

Question 5

Some environmental factors can also act as risk factors such as

Answer 5

Ultra violet light, ionising radiation and carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals )

Question 6

Scenarios that cause stress should also be considered as this will affect…..

Answer 6

Mental and possibly physical health too

Question 7

What do scientist do to assess the impact of risk factors

Answer 7

they examin the link between them and disease looking for a correlation

Question 8

what is a casual mechanism

Answer 8

it means that there is a link between 2 factors, when a mechnism is casual a change in one factor directly leads to a change in another

Question 9

does a correlation prove a casual mechanism

Answer 9

no it does not prove that one factor influences the other

Question 10

what is cofounding

Answer 10

a factor other than the one being studied that is assocoated with both the disease (dependent variable) and the factor being studied ( indeendent variable)

Question 11

example of cofounding

Answer 11

people who carry a lighter i their pocket are more likely to develop lung cancer
this does not prove that lighter cause cancer
instead another factor smoking is the casual mechanism of both

Question 12

why are governments very interested in identifying the risk factors for non communicable diseases

Answer 12

-deaths from non communicable diseases are signifacntly mmore common than communicable ones
- this meanse that they a huge fincial impact on a countrys health care system
- it is even more significant if it affects younger working age populations as the economy suffers too

Question 13

what is the cell cycle

Answer 13

the sequence where new cells are created and old cells die on a regular basis

Question 14

how are cancer cells formed

Answer 14

when the mechanisms controlling the cell cycle fail, they grow into an abnormal mass of cells known as a tumor

Question 15

what is cancer

Answer 15

cancer is rapid abnormal cell growth

Question 16

what is a benign tumour

Answer 16

a tumour that remains in one place with a membrane ( or capsule) around
whilst they are generally less harmful as they do not spread they can put pressure on nearby organs such as the brain

Question 17

what are malignant tumours

Answer 17

-malignant tumours can spread around the body and invade other tissues
-they split up into smaller clumps of cells that can spread (metastasize) around the body through the body or lymphatic system
-they then form secondary tumours throughout the body making this cancer much hader to treat

Question 18

what is metastasized

Answer 18

the spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

Question 19

what is the lymphatic system

Answer 19

it keeps body fluid levels in balance, by draining fluid called lymph from throughout the body and empties it back into the blood stream via lymoh nodes

Question 20

what are the causes of cancer

Answer 20

1.the genes that control the cell cycle can mutatue due to contact with carcinogenic chemicals eg tar in cigarette smoke and abestos
2.ionising radiation can also mutate the DNA of these genes eg uv light causing skin cancer (melanoma) , x rays
3.you can nherit some faulty genes from parents increasing chances of developing certain cencers
4.some cancers are caused by viral infections, as the virus inserts cancer genes into hosts DNA eg most cervical cancers are caused by HPV infection

Question 21

what are the three main ways to treat cancer

Answer 21

surgical removal, radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Question 22

what are the three main ways to treat cancer

Answer 22

surgical removal, radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Question 23

Evaluate surgical removal of cancers

Answer 23

surgical removal of the tumour is effective, but usually only for benign tumours that have not spread although, some may be in inaccessibla areas that cannot be reached without damage to other important tissues

Question 24

what is radiotherapy

Answer 24

the process of targeting strong doses of radiation at the cancer cells to kill them, unfortunately this often damages healthy cells in the are too

Question 25

what is chemotherapy

Answer 25

it involves a patient taking drugs that either stop the cancer cells from dividing it making them self distruct, this is good for cancers that have spread but often harms other healthy cells leaving to excessive side effects

Question 26

explain how smoking affects the cardiovascular system

Answer 26

Smoking has several harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, nicotine raises heart rate and blood pressure, which puts extra strain on the heart aswell as damaging the lining of blood vessels leading to the buildup of fatty deposits this narrows the arteries making it harder for blood to flow. Additionally the carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry by binding to the haemoglobin. Smoking also increases the risk of blood clots forming which can block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing heart attack or stroke

Question 27

explain how smoking can lead to lung disease and lung cancer

Answer 27

the chemicals in cigarette smoke like tar and nicotine, harm the airways and alveoli which are responsible for gas exchange. Overtime this damage reduces the lungs ability to function properly making it harder to breathe. the carcinogens in cigarette smoke also cause mutations to lung cells, increasing the risk of cancer

Question 28

explain how smoking affects women during pregnancy

Answer 28

the chemicals in cigarette smoke, such as nicotine and carbon monoxide, reduce the amount of oxygen reaching the baby, which can stunt growth and development. smoking increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and still birth. in addition, smoking during pregnancy increases the likelihood of both defects such as cleft lip

Question 29

what is alcohol

Answer 29

alcohol ( ethanol) is an addictive depressant drug, it is absorbed into the blood and travels to the brain, where it slow down the activity of the nervous system

Question 30

what are the affects of alcohol in small and large doses

Answer 30

in small doses: relaxation, cheerfulness, a reduction inhibitions
in large doses: a loss of self control, poor judgement, slow reflexes, unconsciousnes

Question 31

what is the damage of alcohol

Answer 31

1. long term heavy alcohol use can damage the brain, preventing it from functioning properly
2. alcohol also damages the liver causing scar tissue to build up known as cirrhosis
3. alcohol is also a carcinogen, so prolonged use can increase the risk liver cancer

Question 32

what happens when pregnant women drink alcohol

Answer 32

it will be passed through the placenta to the baby this cause: miscarriage still birth and low birth weight aswell as fetal alcohol syndrome with symptoms such as: facial deformities learning and developmental problems, kidney liver and heart defects

Question 33

what is fat

Answer 33

eating too much food and not doing enough excessive, causes the excess to be stored in the body as fat, too much fat causes a range of interacting diseases

Question 34

what does eating too much saturated fat lead to

Answer 34

it leads to a rise in blood cholesterol, fatty deposits then build up in the walls of arteries leading to cardiovascular disease. this in a rise in blood pressure, putting extra strain on the heart, fatty deposits in the coronary artery als restrict the blood flow to the heart muscle. this is heart disease and could lead to heart attack and death

Question 35

what are the causes of diabetes

Answer 35

obesity is caused by high sugar intake and is also a major risk factor in developing type 2 diabetes, whilst there is a genetic link in some people the large rise in diabetes in recent years is due to poor lifestyle

Question 36

what are the problems of diabetes

Answer 36

as diabetes results in an inability to control the body’s blood sugar levels it causes a range of other health issues such as:
-further damage to blood vessels contributing to heart disease and cutting off the blood flow to the extremities
-kidney and eyesight damage
- arthritis this is damage to the joints leading to stiffness and pain when moving

Question 37

Explain the effect of having a defective immune system would have on the likelihood of contracting communicable diseases like the common cold

Answer 37

• a defective immune system reduces the body’s ability to fight off infection
• making a person more vulnerable to contract communicable diseases like the common cold

Question 38

What is a risk factor

Answer 38

Something that increases the likelihood of developing a certain disease

Question 39

Give 2 risk factors that might have contributed ti her developing cardiovascular disease

Answer 39

Smoking, obesity

Question 40

Suggest 2 reasons why non communicable diseases can be financially costly

Answer 40

• medical treating - they often require long term treatment and regular hospital visits
• loss of productivity - they may unable to work leading to lost income

Question 41

Explain how a secondary tumour forms

Answer 41

When cancerous cells break off from the primary tumour and settle and grow in another part of the body

Question 42

Suggest two risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 42

1. Obesity
2. High blood pressure

Question 43

Give one health problem that may be affected by the genes someone inherits

Answer 43

Having high cholesterol levels