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biology EOY 🧑🏽‍🔬 > Circulation And Cancer Pt1 > Flashcards

Circulation And Cancer Pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system

A

To transport materials required by the cells (eg glucose and oxygen) and removed waste (eg carbon dioxide)

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the circulatory system

A

The blood, the blood vessels, the heart

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3
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells

A

To carry the oxygen from the lungs to the respiring cells

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4
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their purpose

A
  1. They are a biconcave disc shape, increasing surface area to volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse in and out
  2. They do not have a nucleus allowing for more space for the carriage of oxygen
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5
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Because it contains iron it can bind with oxygen in the lungs and release it in the tissues. It also helps transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs for us to exhale.

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6
Q

Explain the colour of red blood cells

A

red due to the presence of hemoglobin, a protein that contains iron, when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs, it forms a bright red compound called oxyhemoglobin, which gives oxygenated blood its bright red color. In contrast, when red blood cells release oxygen to tissues, hemoglobin becomes deoxygenated, resulting in a darker red color in deoxygenated blood.

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7
Q

Compare the size of white blood cells to reed blood cells

A

White blood cells are larger and less numerous than the red blood cells

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8
Q

What is the function of white blood cells

A

They protect the body against infections by identifying and attacking pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

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9
Q

What are platelets and their function

A

Small cell fragments without a nucleus that form a clot at the site of a wound by forming a mesh of protein fibres that trap other blood cells to form a scab preventing further blood loss and infection

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10
Q

What is the purpose of arteries

A

Blood vessels carry blood away from the heart, as they experience pulses of high pressure they have thick muscular and elastic walls that can stretch. The lumen is relatively small to maintain the pressure

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11
Q

What is the lumen

A

The hole down the middle

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12
Q

What is the purpose of veins

A

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart at lower pressure and have valves to prevent black flow, their lumen are large, contractions of the skeletal muscles also help to keep the blood flowing back towards the heart.

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13
Q

Describe capillaries

A

They are the only blood vessels that allow materials to enter or leave the blood, they form a huge network of narrow, thin walled vessels giving a large area for exchange, their lumen is narrow

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14
Q

What circulatory system do humans have

A

Humans have a double circulatory system meaning that the blood flows through the heart twice during each full circuit

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15
Q

What are the two circuits in a double circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation- carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated
Systemic circulation- transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, afterwards the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to complete the cycle

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16
Q

Explain why the huma circulatory system is described as a double circulatory system

A

Because it consists of 2 seperate circuits: the pulmonary circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the heart and the systemic circuit that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back

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17
Q

Why is a double circulatory system efficient

A

Blood travelling to the body is fully oxygenated and can be pumped at high pressure to increase its speed of delivery

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18
Q

What is the heart

A

The heart is a muscle that contracts in a coordinated sequence to move the blood around the body

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19
Q

What is the job of the pacemaker cells

A

Pacemaker cells in the right atrium coordinate the muscle cells to contract together ensuring the heart beats in a consistent and efficient rhythm

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20
Q

Describe the journey of blood throughout the circulatory system

A

1.Deoxygenated blood arrives through the veins from the body into the right atrium.
2.The right atrium contracts and forces the blood into the right ventricle.
3. The right ventricle contracts and forces blood up the pulmonary artery towards the lungs, valves stop the blood from moving back into the right atrium.
4.Oxygenated blood arrives through the pulmonary veins from the lungs into the left atrium.
5. The left atrium contracts and forces the blood into the left ventricle
6. The left ventricle contracts and forces the blood up the aorta to the body. Valves stop the blood from moving back into the left atrium
7.In reality contractions in the left and right hand occured simultaneously

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21
Q

What is a stent and what is it used for

A

A stent is a etal mesh sleeve inserted into an artery and inflated with a balloon, they are used to wide blood vessels that supply the heart if they have been narrowed by fatty deposits

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22
Q

What is a bypass surgery and what is it used for

A

It involves replacing narrow or blocked arteries with veins from another part of the body

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23
Q

Anyone at risk of cardiovascular disease is likely to be prescribed ____ which lowers blood cholesterol and reduces fatty deposits in the artery walls

A

statin

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24
Q

What are artificial heart valves and when are they used

A

Artificial heart valves are used if a persons natural heart valves begin to fail under the constant high pressure

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25
Q

What are the pros and cons of mechanical valves of titanium and polymers

A

They will last forever
The patient needs to take drugs to prevent blood clots from forming

26
Q

What are the pros and cons of biological valves (from human donors or animals pigs or cows)

A

Do not require medication
Will only last for 15 years

27
Q

What is an artificial heart and its function

A

They are mechanical devices that take over the job of a failing heart, they are primarily used as a temporary fix until a replacement human heart can be provided

28
Q

What is a electrical pacemaker and what is it used for

A

An electrical pacemaker can be implanter in the chest, connected to the heart muscle that stimulates constant contractions if the natural pacemaker cells in the right atrium becomes damaged.

29
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

They are diseases that can be transferred from one person to another

30
Q

Atrial fibrillation is a condition where the heartbeat is irregular. It is caused by problems with the hearts ability to control its own beat. Suggest how atrial fibrillation could be treated

A

An artificial pacemaker close pacemakerA medical device that uses electrical impulses to regulate heart beats. is a small, battery-operated electronic device implanted in a person’s chest that sends out regular, adjustable electrical impulses to produce normal contractions of the heart.

31
Q

Explain how arteries are adapted to perform their funtion

A

Arteries have thick muscular walls to handle the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart. The elastic tissue enables them to stretch and recoil to help maintain a steady blood flow and prevent damage from the pressure

32
Q

What type of blood vessel has valves

A

veins

33
Q

Explain why the walls of capillaries are one cell thick refer to their function in your answer

A

-capilaries are tiny blood vessels that enable the exchange of gases nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissues
- their walls are one cell thick which allow oxygen carbon dioxide glucose and waster products to easily diffuse in and out of the blood stream

34
Q

Some diseases affect the body’s ability to produce enough white blood cells suggest why these people are mor elikely to experience frequent infections

A

Because white blood cells help fight off pathogens and a lack of them weakens the immune system

35
Q

Explain how white blood cells are adapted to perform their function

A

-Wbc are adapted to fight infections by changing shape to engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) and having large flexible nuclei to move through tissues.
- lymphocytes also produce antibodies to target specific pathogens for long term immunity

36
Q

Explain how red blood cells are adapted for their function

A
  • biconcave shape - to increase surface area for more eddiciet oxygen absorption
  • hemoglobin - a protein that binds to oxygen allowing transport if oxygen
  • lack of nucleus - providing more space to carry oxygen
37
Q

What are the 4 main components of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

38
Q

Explain why a blockage in the coronary arteries could cause damage to the patients heart muscle

A

It reduces the blood flow to heart muscle, limiting oxygen and nutrients received, damaging the heart muscle

39
Q

Suggest and describe a method of treatment for blocked arteries

A

Stent - a small mesh tube inserted in to the blocked artery to keep it open, allowing blood to flow more freely

40
Q

Explain how statins prevent or slow the progression of coronary heart disease

A

Statins lower cholesterol levels in the blood , which helps reduce the buildup of fatty deposits in arteries. Slowing the progression of c.h.d. and lowering the risk of blockages

41
Q

a patient is offered stations suggest one reason why they may not wish to take them

A

Potential side effects such as muscle pain

42
Q

What are the effects of a leaky valve on blood flow through the heart and around the body

A

Can cause back flow of blood, reducing efficiency of bloods pumping, this can lead to less blood delivered to the body

43
Q

Apart from being leaky describe one way a valve might be faulty

A

The valve could be narrowed

44
Q

What is a biological valve

A

a heart valve derived from animal or human tissue

45
Q

What is a mechanical valve

A

An artificial valve made from durable materials such as metal

46
Q

When would ppl use an artificial heart instead of a natural heart

A
  • when a donor is not available - temporary solution to keep the patient alive while they wait for a suitable donor
  • patient waiting for transplant
47
Q

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using a natural donor heart rather than an artificial heart

A

Advantage - more likely to function like a healthy human heart , providing better long term use
Disadvantage - donor hearts are in short supply, and there may be a long wait for a suitable match

48
Q

Explain why only one red blood cell at a time can pass through a capillary

A

ensuring they only travel in single file slowing flow for more efficient gas exchange

49
Q

Explain why only one red blood cell at a time can pass through a capillary

A

Because the internal diameter of the capillary is only slightly larger than the size of a red blood cell, ensuring they only travel in single file slowing flow for more efficient gas exchange

50
Q

Explain how oxygen is moved from the lungs to the tissues

A

On the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in surrounding capillaries. The oxygen binds to the hemoglobin which is transported through the blood stream. When the blood reaches body tissues the oxygen is released from the hemoglobin and diffuses into the cells of the tissue

51
Q

Give 2 ways in which capillaries are adapted for gas exchange withing tissues

A
  • thin walls reducing the diffusion distance for gas exchange
  • huge network of capillaries ensuring a large surface area
52
Q

Fill in the gaps oxygen enter the blood through the —- most of the oxygen transported by the blood is carried in the —- a red blood cell is different from other body cells because it doesn’t have a —-

A

Alveoli, red blood cells ,nucleus

53
Q

During excessive the heart rate increases explain as fully as you can why this is necessary

A
  • more oxygen is required by the muscles to produce energy for movement
  • therefore CO2 is produced faster and needs to be removed efficiently by the bloodstream
  • increased blood flow ensured that muscles receive the nutrients and oxygen they need to continue working
  • the heart pumps faster to ensure a continuou energy supply to the muscles during physical activity
54
Q

What is the main type of tissue in the heart wall

A

Muscle tissue

55
Q

Explain how a stent helps prevent heart attack

A

a stent widens the lumen of an artery increasing blood flow to the heart, preventing blockages, reducing the risk of a heart attack from restricted blood flow

56
Q

give one advantage and one disadvantage of an artificial heart valve

A

Advantage - dramatically improve blood circulation and supply of oxygen to the body tissues
Disadvantage - if the surface of the valve becomes rough blood clots can form on its surface which then break away and are carried around the body

57
Q

Explain why more oxygen is carried to the working muscles during exercise

A
  • the muscles require more energy which is produced through aerobic respiration
  • oxygen is essential for this precess as it helps break down glucose to release energy
  • helping muscles work efficiently and delaying fatigue allowing the body to exercise for longer
58
Q

Emphysema causes the walls of the air sacs in the lungs to break down explain how this will affect the diffusion of gases into and out of the blood

A

Emphysema reduces the surface area of alvoili this decreases the efficiency of gas exchange so less oxygen diffuses into the blood and more oxygen diffuses out

59
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery take blood to

A

The lungs

60
Q

Describe 2 ways a healthy artery is different from the artery affected by coronary heart disease

A
  1. A healthy artery has a wide lumen, while a diseased artery has a narrowed lumen due to fatty deposits
  2. a healthy artery’s walls are smooth but a diseased artery’s walls Sare rough from plaque build up
61
Q

What is the purpose of blood vessels

A

The purpose of blood vessels is to:

  1. Transport blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells.
  2. Remove waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea from the body.

biology EOY 🧑🏽‍🔬 (8 decks)

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