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BIO bmat > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define communicable disease

A

Infectious disease

These disease can be transferred from one person to another or from one organism to another

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2
Q

Cause of commmunicable disease

A

Pathogens
—> micro-organism that cause disease

Eg virus, bacteria, fungi and protocist

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3
Q

Are communicable disease Transmissible

A

Yes

Direct contact

Body fluid eg blood, semen

Airborne

Waterborne

Food borne

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4
Q

Example communicable disease

A

COVID-19

AIDS/ HIV

Flu/Influenza

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5
Q

Define Non communicable

A

Chronic disease

These disease are not transferred between peoples or other organism

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6
Q

Causes of non communicable disease

A

Genetic

Environment

Lifestyle

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7
Q

Is non communicable disease transmissible

A

No

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8
Q

Non communicable disease examples

A

Cancer

Cardiovascular disease eg CHD

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9
Q

HIV

A

Infect human lymphocytes

Reproduce inside the lymphocytes

Decrease the number of lymphocytes and antibodies

It attacks a specific type of immune cells weakens the CD4 cells, which are helper T cell

When HIV destroy the CD4 cells using their replication machinery to create new copies of the virus, it become harder for the body to fight off other infections

Without treatment the infection might progress to an advanced disease stage called AIDS

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10
Q

Binding

A

On the surface of a T cell HIV binds to a CD4 receptor and one of the CCR5

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11
Q

Fusion

A

The virus fuses with the host cell membrane and release RNA into the cell

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12
Q

Reverse transcription

A

The single stranded HIV RNA is converted into double stranded HIV DNA by the reverse transcriptase enzyme

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13
Q

Intergration

A

After the HIV DNA Enters the cell nucleus the enzyme inegrase cuts the cells DNA and inserts the HIV DNA into it

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14
Q

Transcription and translation

A

The enzyme makes RNA copies of the DNA. HIV RNA is either inserted into new virus particles or processed and translated into HIV proteins

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15
Q

Assembly

A

The long protein chains are cut into individual proteins by the enzyme HIV protease. A new virus is assembled with these proteins and HIV RNA.

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16
Q

Release

A

The new virus particle is released from the host cell, taking with it part of the cell membrane and capable of infecting other cell

17
Q

HIV a transmission

A

Semen

Unprotected sex

Injectors drug uses

Blood transfusion and organ transplant
- contact of blood and infected sexual fluid
* virus cannot pass through undamaged skin

Menstrual flow

Vaginal secretion

Pre ejaculatory fluid

Breast milk

18
Q

Antibiotics

A

Small chemical molecules or compounds that are effective in treating inflection caus3d by bacteria

Excessive amount of antibiotics is disposed out of the body

Not stimulat3d or gain immunity

19
Q

Serum (passive immunity)

A

Don’t contain dead pathogen or weak pathogens or any toxins or special elements of pathogen

Contain antibody formed in another organism

Acquired immunity immediately

Remain immune for a short time

20
Q

Vaccine (active immunity)

A

1) harmless pathogens injected

2)antigens trigger an immune response it can take days for a lymphocytes making complementary antibodies to be activated

3) lymphocytes able to produce complementary antibodies multiples , antibodies released

4) the antibodies target the antigen and attach themselves to it in order to create memory cells

The memory cells remain in the blood and will quickly respond to the antigen if it is encountered again in an infection by a live ‘pathogen’

As memory cells have been produced this immunity is long lasting

21
Q

Process of drug development preclinical

A

Animal testing and

22
Q

Clinical trials

A

Phase 1
Testing new drug on a small group of healthy individuals to find out the safe dosage or any side effect

Phase 2
Testing on a small group of people with the disease

Phase 3
Testing on a very large group of people

FDA review
Review and examine all the submitted data related to th drug or device and make the decision to approve or not

Scale up to manufacturing
Improve to commercial scale and validate process

Post-marketing monitor & research
FDA monitor all drug and device safety once product are available for use by the public

23
Q

Risk of factor non modification

A

Age

Gender

Family history

24
Q

Modiable risk

A

Unhealthy diet

Smoking

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

Physical inactivity

Overweight

Excessive alcohol intake

Stress

25
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries caused by build up of fibrous plaque called atheroma

26
Q

Atherosclerosis process

A

1) endothelium which lines the arteries is damaged for instance high cholesterol level, smoking, or high blood pressure

2) increase the risk of blood clotting in the artery and leads to an inflammatory response causing white blood cell to move into the artery

3)over time, WBCs and cholesterols and calcium salts and fibre build up and harden leading to plaque formation

4) the build up of fibrous plaque leads to narrowing of the artery and restricts blood flow thus increasing the blood pressure which in turn damages the endothelial lining and the process repeated positive feedback

27
Q

Stenting

A

A small balloon wrapped in a collapsed wire mesh stent is inserted into a blood vessel

The balloon is inflated, reopening the vessel and the stent expands and locks in place. This holds the artery open to allow blood to flow freely

28
Q

Bypass

A

Technique is Used to redirect blood around a section of a blocked or partially blocked artery in the heart using a healthy blood vessel from your leg, arm or chest

29
Q

Statin

A

They reduce the production of cholesterol, which is a component of atheroma. Build up of atheroma can lead to blocked arteries

30
Q

Anti coagulant

A

They reduce the likelihood of blood clotting and therefore blocking an artery

31
Q

Anti hypertensive

A

They can cause blood vessel to relax so their lumen diameter enlarges reducing blood pressure

BIO bmat (11 decks)

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