Disease Flashcards
Define communicable disease
Infectious disease
These disease can be transferred from one person to another or from one organism to another
Cause of commmunicable disease
Pathogens
—> micro-organism that cause disease
Eg virus, bacteria, fungi and protocist
Are communicable disease Transmissible
Yes
Direct contact
Body fluid eg blood, semen
Airborne
Waterborne
Food borne
Example communicable disease
COVID-19
AIDS/ HIV
Flu/Influenza
Define Non communicable
Chronic disease
These disease are not transferred between peoples or other organism
Causes of non communicable disease
Genetic
Environment
Lifestyle
Is non communicable disease transmissible
No
Non communicable disease examples
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease eg CHD
HIV
Infect human lymphocytes
Reproduce inside the lymphocytes
Decrease the number of lymphocytes and antibodies
It attacks a specific type of immune cells weakens the CD4 cells, which are helper T cell
When HIV destroy the CD4 cells using their replication machinery to create new copies of the virus, it become harder for the body to fight off other infections
Without treatment the infection might progress to an advanced disease stage called AIDS
Binding
On the surface of a T cell HIV binds to a CD4 receptor and one of the CCR5
Fusion
The virus fuses with the host cell membrane and release RNA into the cell
Reverse transcription
The single stranded HIV RNA is converted into double stranded HIV DNA by the reverse transcriptase enzyme
Intergration
After the HIV DNA Enters the cell nucleus the enzyme inegrase cuts the cells DNA and inserts the HIV DNA into it
Transcription and translation
The enzyme makes RNA copies of the DNA. HIV RNA is either inserted into new virus particles or processed and translated into HIV proteins
Assembly
The long protein chains are cut into individual proteins by the enzyme HIV protease. A new virus is assembled with these proteins and HIV RNA.
Release
The new virus particle is released from the host cell, taking with it part of the cell membrane and capable of infecting other cell
HIV a transmission
Semen
Unprotected sex
Injectors drug uses
Blood transfusion and organ transplant
- contact of blood and infected sexual fluid
* virus cannot pass through undamaged skin
Menstrual flow
Vaginal secretion
Pre ejaculatory fluid
Breast milk
Antibiotics
Small chemical molecules or compounds that are effective in treating inflection caus3d by bacteria
Excessive amount of antibiotics is disposed out of the body
Not stimulat3d or gain immunity
Serum (passive immunity)
Don’t contain dead pathogen or weak pathogens or any toxins or special elements of pathogen
Contain antibody formed in another organism
Acquired immunity immediately
Remain immune for a short time
Vaccine (active immunity)
1) harmless pathogens injected
2)antigens trigger an immune response it can take days for a lymphocytes making complementary antibodies to be activated
3) lymphocytes able to produce complementary antibodies multiples , antibodies released
4) the antibodies target the antigen and attach themselves to it in order to create memory cells
The memory cells remain in the blood and will quickly respond to the antigen if it is encountered again in an infection by a live ‘pathogen’
As memory cells have been produced this immunity is long lasting
Process of drug development preclinical
Animal testing and
Clinical trials
Phase 1
Testing new drug on a small group of healthy individuals to find out the safe dosage or any side effect
Phase 2
Testing on a small group of people with the disease
Phase 3
Testing on a very large group of people
FDA review
Review and examine all the submitted data related to th drug or device and make the decision to approve or not
Scale up to manufacturing
Improve to commercial scale and validate process
Post-marketing monitor & research
FDA monitor all drug and device safety once product are available for use by the public
Risk of factor non modification
Age
Gender
Family history
Modiable risk
Unhealthy diet
Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Physical inactivity
Overweight
Excessive alcohol intake
Stress
What is atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries caused by build up of fibrous plaque called atheroma
Atherosclerosis process
1) endothelium which lines the arteries is damaged for instance high cholesterol level, smoking, or high blood pressure
2) increase the risk of blood clotting in the artery and leads to an inflammatory response causing white blood cell to move into the artery
3)over time, WBCs and cholesterols and calcium salts and fibre build up and harden leading to plaque formation
4) the build up of fibrous plaque leads to narrowing of the artery and restricts blood flow thus increasing the blood pressure which in turn damages the endothelial lining and the process repeated positive feedback
Stenting
A small balloon wrapped in a collapsed wire mesh stent is inserted into a blood vessel
The balloon is inflated, reopening the vessel and the stent expands and locks in place. This holds the artery open to allow blood to flow freely
Bypass
Technique is Used to redirect blood around a section of a blocked or partially blocked artery in the heart using a healthy blood vessel from your leg, arm or chest
Statin
They reduce the production of cholesterol, which is a component of atheroma. Build up of atheroma can lead to blocked arteries
Anti coagulant
They reduce the likelihood of blood clotting and therefore blocking an artery
Anti hypertensive
They can cause blood vessel to relax so their lumen diameter enlarges reducing blood pressure
