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BIO bmat > Digestive System Amd Excretory System > Flashcards

Digestive System Amd Excretory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecule

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2
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

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3
Q

Mouth

A

Mechanical digestion: teeth che food to break into smaller pieces for larger SA to volume ratio

Chemical digestion: salivary amylase break down starch
Starch —> maltose

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4
Q

Oesophagus

A

Passes blooded of food by peristalsis from mouth to stomach

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5
Q

Stomach

A

1) contract muscular walls; churn to break up the food by mechanical digestion

2) produces protease enzyme for breakdown protein

3) produces HCl - maintain pH level for enzyme action and kills bacteria by acidic conditions which denature enzyme - product amino acid

pH in stomach 2-3 acidic

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6
Q

Small intestine

A

Chemical digestion ; protease, amylase, lipase
—> pancreas secreted into small intestine

pH 8 alkaline

Lipid digestion. Starts here

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7
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile to be secreted into the small intestine

1) neutralize the acid in the stomach to provide a suitable pH to work
Neutralize acidic food from stomach

2) emulsifiers fats increasing surface area so enzyme can digest the more quickly

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8
Q

Ileum

A

Lined with villi to increase surface area which absorption can take place

1) thin walls
Speed up the rate of diffusion of molecules into the blood

2) rich blood supply
Helps carry absorbed molecules away from intestine - always low concentration of food molecules in the blood maintain high conc gradient

3) increase. Length

Increase SA

4) SURFACE area

Villi increase surface area means digested food can be absorbed into the blood stream faster

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9
Q

Large intestine

A

Indigestible food passes through large intestine consist of the colon, rectum and anus remaining salts and water are absorbed

Faecas stored in the rectum before removed

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10
Q

Glomerulus

A

Filter small solute from the blood

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11
Q

Proximal convuluted tubules

A

Reabsorb water, ion and nutrients: removes toxins and adjust filtrate pH

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12
Q

Descending loop of Henles

A

Aqua poring allows water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid

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13
Q

Ascending loop of henle

A

Reabsorb Na+ and Cl- from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid

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14
Q

Distal convoluted tubules

A

Selectively secrete and reabsorb different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

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15
Q

Collecting duct

A

Reabsorb solutes and water from the filtrate

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16
Q

Removes from the blood

A

Most urea

Excess H2O

Excess salts

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17
Q

Reabsorb into the blood

A

All glucose

Most H2O

Some salts

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18
Q

Renal artery urea

A

More

19
Q

Renal artery water

A

More

20
Q

Renal artery salts

A

More

21
Q

Renal artery glucose

A

More

22
Q

Renal artery oxygen

A

More

23
Q

Renal artery carbon dioxide

A

Less

24
Q

Renal vein urea

A

Less

25
Q

Renal vein water

A

Less

26
Q

Renal vein salts

A

Less

27
Q

Renal vein glucose

A

Less

28
Q

Renal vein oxygen

A

Less

29
Q

Renal vein carbon dioxide

A

More

30
Q

Too much water cold day less sweating occurs

A

1) osmoreceptors @ hypothalamus detect high water potential in blood, then send nerve impulse to the pituitary glands

2) less ADH is secreted by pituitary gland

3) ADH travel through blood and reach the collecting duct

4)less water reabsorption

5) more volume of urine ( less concentrated urine )

31
Q

Too little water hot day more sweating

A

1)Osmoreceptor @ hypothalamus detect lower water potential in the blood send the impulse to the pituitary gland

2) more ADH is secreted by pituitary gland

3)ADH travel through the blood to the collecting duct

4) more ADH —> makes more permeability of collecting duct

5) more water reabsorption

6) less Volume of urine (more concentrated urine)

32
Q

Glucose and oxygen is used for excretory

A

For respiration

33
Q

Glomerulus and capsule

A

1) blood is filtered in the kidney. Blood enters the renal capillaries at high pressure - filtered by the glomerulus which allows small holes to allow molecules through

From:
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Glucose
Amino acid
Urea
Salts
Waters

After:
Urea
Water
Salts
Glucose
Amino acid

34
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules

A

After filtration the fluid contain lots 9 glucose and urea water and ions. This passes through the nephron, and certain molecule are reabsorbed back into the blood. The left over form our urine
- reabsorb ions water, and nutrients removes toxin and adjust filtrate pH

Reabsorb
Glucose
Amino acid
Water

Glucose is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubules via active transport so it can be used for respiration

35
Q

Loop of Henley

A

Ascending loop of henle
Reabsorb Na+ and Cl- from the filtrate interstitial fluid

Descending
Selectively secrete and absorb different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

Reabsorb
Water
Salts

36
Q

Collecting duct

A

Whatever is not reabsorbed is sent to the collecting duct then can pass out of the kidney as urine

Some water is also tea sorbet at the collecting duct depending permeability

Urine is made up of water, ion and urea

URINE
- urea
-excess salt
-excess water

37
Q

Glomerulus

A

Filters the small solute from the blood

—> protein is not filtered out and remains in the blood

38
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules

A

Reabsorbs ion, water, and nutrients: remove toxin and adjust the filtrate pH

—> 100% of the glucose read or Ed back into the blood capillaries; two-third of sodium(salt) and water reabsorb

39
Q

Descending loop of henle

A

Aquaporin allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
~ only water is reabsorbed and not sodium

40
Q

Loop of henle bottom

A

Sodium concentration is at its highest

41
Q

Ascending loop of henle

A

Readsorbs Na+ and Cl- from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid

Only sodium reabsorbed

42
Q

Distal convoluted tubules

A

Selectively secrete and reabsorb differrent ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

More sodium reabsorbed

43
Q

Collecting duct

A

Reabsorb solutes and water from the filtrate

BIO bmat (11 decks)

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