Directory-Threats from the right. Flashcards
the end of the Vendee and Chouan rebellion, the Coup of Fructidor.
When was the White Terror crushed in Paris?
-Crushed after the vendemiaire uprising was defeated in Oct. 1795
a)Who crushed the White Terror in the vendee and west in 1795-1796 and b) what province was put down in 1797?
a)General Hoche
b) Brittany
a)When was martial law made permanent in departments deemed by the Directory to increase policing and repression and b) why
a)1797
b)Because it was after the coup of Fructidor so the Directory was scared of a royalist resurgence
What is the significance of the way the unrest from the right was put down?
-Reliance on the army and unorthodox measures to protect the constitution of Year III undermined confidence in the political system
-Undermined their commitment in restoring the rule of law
What increased the Directory’s reliance on the army?
-The National Guard had become useless as it had been infiltrated by regular Parisians who were loyal to the people, not the Government.
Who led the moderate royalists electoral campaign for the royalists in 1797?
-Antoine d’Andre
Why did the royalists make significant electoral gains in 1797?
-Due to the economic failures and unorthodox measures of the Directory
a)How many of the 260 contested seats were won by royalists and b) significance?
a) 180/260
b)-shows a return to constitutional monarchists
- made it impossible for Remel to implement financial reforms
a)in 1797, who replaced latourneur as a Director
b) Signifiance of this
a) Latourneur was replaced by Barthelemy
b) Barthelemy has royalist sympathies and was chosen by royalists in the councils
What royalist was at the helm of the council of 500 in April 1797?
-Pichegru
What was the Coup of 18th Fructidor(4 September 1797)?
-The remaining republican directors, Barras, Rewbell and Revelliere prevented the emergence of royalists by fabricating evidence that Pichegru , made contact with monarchist emigres in 1795 and arrested him and accused 500 of CR
How did the Directors arrest royalist deputies?
-Barras called for the army and forces of Hoche and Augereau (sent by NB) surrounded the council of 500
a)How many deputies were arrested and b) how many were exiled?
a)177 deputies arrested: including Pichegru,Carnot and Barthelemy (spots in the councils were left unfilled unlike the two directors- Carnot and Barthelemy)
b)53 were exiled to Guyana (inc. Pichegru)H
a)How many opposition newspapers were forcibly shut down after coup of Fructidor and b) significance
a) 42
b) completely undermines the enlightened idea of freedom of Speech (voltaire) which would have been attached to the constitution of Year III in the Declaration of Rights of Man
How did the coup of Fructidor strengthen the Directory’s position?
-Justified by accusing the arrested of a royalist coup
-ensured the dominance of the directory over the councils
-Councils were intimidated which led to the 1798 elections having declined in support for royalists
How did the coup of Fructidor undermine the Directory’s position?
-Directory made a mockery of democracy
-Undermined its legitimacy
-Directory are forced to rely on the military to maintain its position
What were features of the “Directorial Terror”
-Emigres given 2 weeks to leave or would be killed
-Clergy expected to swear an oath of loyalty or be deported
-Churches closed or sold off or demolished
Significance of the “Directorial Terror”
-Short-lived and was nowhere near the scale of the Jacobin Terror
-Quelled royalism short-term
-But actions only served to increase opposition and their claim of religious neutrality appeared shallow
