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A&P lab > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the digestive system?

A

Digestion and absorption.

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules.

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3
Q

What is the GI tract and what does it require to move food?

A

A muscular tube that moves food via contractions aka peristalsis.

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4
Q

What are the major parts of the GI tract?

A

Oral cavity → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine.

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5
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas connected by ducts

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6
Q

What lines the oral cavity?

A

Mucous membrane.

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7
Q

What is the uvula and its function?

A

A projection off the soft palate; it helps block the nasopharynx when swallowing.

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8
Q

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum.

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9
Q

What is the fauces?

A

The posterior opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx.

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10
Q

What forms the roof of the mouth?

A

Hard palate (bone) and soft palate (muscular).

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11
Q

What is the dental formula for adult humans?

A

I = 2/2, C = 1/1, Pm = 2/2, M = 3/3.

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12
Q

What are the 2 sets of teeth called?

A

Deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth.

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13
Q

What are incisors, cuspids (canines), bicuspids and molars (multiple cusps) used for?

A

Cutting and biting, biting, grinding

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14
Q

What part of the tooth is visible above the gum and what is below gum line?

A

Crown, root

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15
Q

What is enamel?

A

Hard outer layer covering the crown; harder than bone.

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16
Q

What is dentin?

A

Calcified tissue beneath enamel; makes up the bulk of the tooth.

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17
Q

What is the pulp cavity?

A

The chamber inside the tooth containing blood vessels and nerves.

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18
Q

What anchors the tooth in its socket?

A

Periodontal ligament.

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19
Q

What is cementum?

A

Covers the root

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20
Q

What is the root canal?

A

The part of the pulp cavity in each root, continuous with the main pulp cavity.

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21
Q

What type of muscle makes up the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle.

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22
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Space between lips/cheeks and teeth.

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23
Q

What is the gingiva?

A

gums

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24
Q

What is the uvula and its function?

A

A projection from the soft palate; blocks nasopharynx when swallowing.

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25
What is the pharynx and its 3 regions
-A muscular tube that receives food from the oral cavity and conducts it to the esophagus; lined with mucous membrane -Nasopharynx (not involved in digestion), Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.
26
What is the submucosa?
-Dense irregular connective tissue -contains submucosal glands -contains network of nerves called submucosal plexus
27
What glands are found in the submucosa and where?
In the esophagus (secreting mucus) and duodenum (secreting buffers and enzymes).
28
What is the muscularis externa?
-Layers of smooth muscle -involved in peristalsis. Helps with mixing and churning food -contains myenteric plexus (network of nerves)
29
What is the myenteric plexus?
A network of nerves located within the muscularis externa.
30
What is the serosa?
The outermost serous membrane layer; part of the visceral peritoneum.
31
What is the esophagus?
A muscular tube that uses peristalsis to transport food from the pharynx to the stomach.
32
What is the lower esophageal sphincter?
A ring of smooth muscle at the esophagus-stomach junction; opens to let food into the stomach and closes to prevent reflux.
33
What is the mucosa of the GI tract
The deepest layer lining the lumen; includes epithelium, lamina propria, and villi.
34
What epithelial types are found in the mucosa of the GI tract?
Esophagus: Stratified squamous Stomach, Small + Large Intestines: Simple columnar Anus: Keratinized stratified squamous
35
What is the lamina propria?
A loose connective tissue in the mucosa that contains mucosal glands (in stomach and large intestine) and MALT (lymphatic nodules).
36
What are villi and where are they found?
Finger-like projections of the mucosa in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
37
What is the submucosa?
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves (submucosal plexus), and sometimes glands.
38
Where are submucosal glands found and what do they do?
Esophagus: Secrete mucus Duodenum: Secrete buffers and digestive enzymes
39
What is the muscularis externa?
Multiple layers of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis (with an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
40
What is the myenteric plexus?
A nerve network located between layers of the muscularis externa; helps regulate peristalsis.
41
What is the serosa?
The outermost layer; a serous membrane and part of the visceral peritoneum.
42
What is the esophageal hiatus?
The opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus enters the abdominal cavity.
43
Rugae
Folds in the gastric mucosa Let the stomach stretch to hold up to 1.5 L of food and secretions
44
Chyme
Semi-liquid mixture of food + gastric secretions
45
What is special about the muscularis externa in the stomach?
It has an extra inner oblique muscle layer that helps with mixing food.
46
What do parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (stomach)
47
What do chief cells secrete and what activates it?
Pepsinogen, which is activated by HCl into pepsin which begins protein digestion (in stomach)
48
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Controls food movement into the duodenum and contracts to keep acid in the stomach
49
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
50
What happens in the duodenum?
It receives chyme from the stomach, enzymes from the pancreas, and bile from the liver and gallbladder (stores bile produced by liver).
51
What is the function of the jejunum?
Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here.
52
What does the ileum do?
It delivers remaining material to the cecum of the large intestine.
53
What percentage of digestion and absorption happens in the small intestine?
About 90%.
54
What is the main function of the large intestine?
Water reabsorption and formation of feces.
55
What are the parts of the large intestine?
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus.
56
What is the function of the rectum?
Stores feces before elimination.
57
What are taenia coli
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that run along the length of the colon that cause colon to pucker into bulges, called haustra.
58
what is haustra?
pouch-like structures formed by the contraction of the taenia coli. formed by the muscularis externa layer. helps slow things down and improves water absorption.
59
What are the 3 major salivary glands?
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
60
Where is the parotid gland located?
Near the ear; it's the largest salivary gland.
61
Where is the submandibular gland located?
floor of mouth
62
Where is the sublingual gland located?
beneath tounge
63
What are the components of saliva?
* Water * Salivary amylase – starts carbohydrate digestion * Mucins – lubricate food * Buffers – normalize pH * Lysozyme – antibacterial enzyme.
64
What does the liver produce and what does it do?
Produces bile, which emulsifies lipids to aid digestion.
65
What are the liver lobes?
Right lobe (caudate lobe, quadrate lobe) and left lobe
66
Where is bile made?
Hepatocytes in liver (more specifically the left lobe)
67
Trace the bile pathway from liver to gallbladder.
Hepatocytes → bile ductules → right & left hepatic ducts → common hepatic duct → gallbladder (via cystic duct).
68
Trace the bile pathway during digestion.
Gallbladder → cystic duct → joins common hepatic duct → common bile duct → duodenum.
69
What are the primary functions of the pancreas?
Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers.
70
What is the pancreatic duct's role?
It joins the common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
71
What do buffers from the pancreas do?
They neutralize acidic chyme entering the duodenum.
72
What do acinar cells secrete?
Digestive enzymes and buffers through ducts (exocrine)
73
What do the endocrine cells of the pancreas secrete?
Hormones, including insulin and glucagon. -Insulin lowers blood sugar, while glucagon raises blood sugar.
74
What is hydrolysis in digestion?
Hydrolysis is the chemical process used to break down polymers into monomers by adding water.
75
What are examples of polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides?
Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen Disaccharides: Maltose, lactose, sucrose (mls) Monosaccharides: Glucose, galactose, fructose (ggf) enzymes end with ace
76
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin, and what enzyme is involved?
It begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose.
77
Where does carbohydrate digestion continue, and what enzyme is involved?
In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase further breaks down starch into maltose.
78
What other disaccharides are involved in digestion?
Lactose (milk sugar) and sucrose (table sugar).
79
What are the final monosaccharide products absorbed in the bloodstream?
Glucose, galactose, and fructose.
80
Where does protein digestion begin, and what enzyme is involved?
It begins in the stomach, where pepsin breaks proteins into smaller polypeptides.
81
Where is protein digestion completed, and which enzymes are involved?
In the small intestine, proteases (e.g., trypsin from the pancreas) and peptidases from the brush border break proteins into amino acids.

A&P lab (14 decks)

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