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lab 1&2 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To transport substances throughout the entire body.

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2
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood vessels, blood, and the heart.

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3
Q

What type of tissue is blood classified as?

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

What are the three layers formed after centrifugation of blood?

A

Erythrocytes (bottom), leukocytes and platelets (middle), and plasma (top).

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5
Q

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (RBCs) & how many?

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and some carbon dioxide back to the lungs & male: 4.5-6.3 mil mm^3, female: 4.2-5.5mil

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6
Q

How much blood does the human body typically have?

A

Approximately 5.5 liters.

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7
Q

What is the liquid matrix of blood called

A

Plasma

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8
Q

What are the suspended components in blood called?

A

Formed elements (cells and cell fragments).

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9
Q

What are some key functions of blood?

A

Transport of gases hormones electrolytes

hemostasis,
defense against pathogens
pH regulation
heat absorption/release.

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10
Q

How is blood separated into layers?

A

By using a centrifuge.

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11
Q

What protein gives erythrocytes their red color?

A

Hemoglobin.

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12
Q

What is a unique characteristic of mature erythrocytes?

A

They are enucleated (lack a nucleus).

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13
Q

What are platelets (aka thrombocytes)?

A

Cytoplasmic fragments of a large cell called megakaryocytes (found in bone)

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14
Q

What is the primary function of platelets & how many?

A

To initiate hemostasis (blood clotting process). 150,000-500,000

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15
Q

What is thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

penia = low
A condition characterized by low platelet count, leading to excessive bleeding.

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16
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

Defense against pathogens and removal of diseased or damaged cells. t/b n nk cells

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17
Q

What are the two groups of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes.

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18
Q

Name the three types of granulocytes.

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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19
Q

Name the two types of agranulocytes (no granules). increase/decrease

A

same increase: bacterial, viral, leukemia
Monocytes
decrease: chronic illness
lymphocytes
decrease: immune disease

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20
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils & how many & color? increase/decrease

A

engulf & distroy pathogens and foreign particles but dies in process & 1,800-7,300 & purple
-multilobed
increase: bacterial infection, infalmmatory disease
decrease: drug toxicity, radiation exposure

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21
Q

What is the staining characteristic of eosinophils?

A

They stain bright red in acidic dyes.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of basophils & how many & color? increase/decrease

A

To release histamine and promote inflammation, 0-150 & blue
increase: allergies, leukemia
decrease: stress

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23
Q

What do monocytes become when they leave bloostream n enter tissues & how many

A

Macrophages. 200-950 monocytes “headphone shape”

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24
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

To engulf pathogens and cell debris.

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25
What are the functions of B lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and NK cells & how many?
B lymphocytes produce antibodies, cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack pathogens, and NK cells kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells & 1500-4000
26
What is leukemia?
A cancer of blood-forming tissue in bone marrow characterized by uncontrolled production of leukocytes.
27
What are the two types of leukemia based on onset (refers to the start or beginning of something)?
Acute Leukemia: rapid onset of symptoms (Develops quickly and worsens rapidly) Chronic Leukemia: Develops slowly and progresses over time.
28
What are the two common types of leukemia based on the origin of cancerous cells?
Lymphocytic Leukemia: The cancer starts in lymphoid cells (a type of white blood cell). Myelogenous Leukemia: The cancer starts in myeloid cells (another type of white blood cell).
29
What is a pluripotent stem cell?
A cell that has the potential to differentiate into two or more types of cells.
30
What is the first differentiation of a pluripotent stem cell?
Into either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell.
31
Into either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell.
connective tissue
32
What is the liquid matrix of blood called?
Plasma
33
What percentage of whole blood does plasma typically make up?
About 55%
34
What are the three main types of formed elements in blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
35
What is hematopoiesis?
The process of blood cell production in red bone marrow.
36
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
37
What protein in erythrocytes binds oxygen?
Hemoglobin
38
What mineral is essential for hemoglobin function?
Iron.
39
What condition occurs when there are too few erythrocytes?
Anemia.
40
What is polycythemia vera?
A condition characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells.
41
How many types of leukocytes are there?
Five
42
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Defense against infections and foreign invaders.
43
What is a differential white blood cell count & what is wbc count?
Determining the percentage of each type of leukocyte & 4.5 to 11 thousand/mm^3
44
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in the number of white blood cells.
45
What is leukopenia?
A decrease in the number of white blood cells.
46
What are the two major blood typing systems?
ABO and Rh systems.
47
What is the role of platelets in blood?
To initiate the blood clotting process.
48
From what large cell are platelets derived?
Megakaryocyte.
49
What is agglutination in blood typing?
The clumping of red blood cells due to antibodies binding to antigens.
50
What is the condition caused by low platelet counts?
Thrombocytopenia.
51
Why is blood typing important before transfusions?
To avoid immune reactions caused by mismatched blood.
52
What are common symptoms of anemia?
Fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, pale skin, numbness, and increased heart rate.
53
What antigen is present in Rh-positive blood?
The Rh antigen.
54
What causes iron-deficiency anemia?
A lack of dietary iron or chronic blood loss.
55
What causes aplastic anemia?
Occurs when the bone marrow stops making enough red blood cells.
56
What is sickle cell anemia?
An inherited condition where RBCs take on a sickle shape under low oxygen conditions.
57
What causes hemorrhagic anemia?
Loss of blood volume from trauma or prolonged bleeding.
58
What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin.
59
What does a hematocrit measure (what does an increas and decrease mean?
The percentage of formed elements (rbc) in whole blood.
60
Main function of Eosinophils & how many? increase/decrease
engulf pathogens, reduce inflamation and fight alergies, 0-700 increase: parasitic infection decrease: stress
61
blood makeup & what blood tests include
-55% plasma, 45% formed elements, water, proteins, etc. -rbc count (hemocytometer), wbc count, heatocrit (Measures the percentage of your blood made up of red blood cells), hemoglobin (Measures the amount of hemoglobin), blood typing
62
Hemoglobinometer
used to measure hemoglobin concentration -blood placed in tube and hemoylzed until color o all three matches
63
!Types of anemia: Pernicious Iron-deficiency Aplastic Sickle cell Hemorrhagic
Pernicious Anemia: Caused by a lack of vitamin B12, leading to problems with red blood cell production. Iron-deficiency Anemia: Caused by a lack of iron, leading to insufficient hemoglobin and oxygen in the blood. Aplastic Anemia: Occurs when the bone marrow stops making enough red blood cells. Sickle Cell Anemia: A genetic condition where red blood cells become sickle-shaped, leading to blockages and pain. Hemorrhagic Anemia: Caused by heavy blood loss (e.g., from injury or internal bleeding), leading to a decrease in red blood cells.
64
!pluripotent stem cell
myeloid stem cell & lymphoid stem cell
65
!myeloid stem cell
rbc, platelets, eosinophil, neuttrophil, monocyte, basophil
66
!lymphoid stem cell
b lymphocyte, t lymphocyte
67
!characterisic of rbc, granulocytes & angulocytes undermicroscope
rbc, eos(Red), bas(blue), neutrophil(reg), lymphocyes(big round), monocytes(headphone shape)
68
!Blood type A, B, AB, O, Rh+ n Rh- means what antigen (on cell) n antibody (floats)
antigen (on cell) n antibody (floats) A: A,b B: B,a AB: A&B, - O: -, A&B Rh+: Rh, - Rh-: -, Rh o- most univeral (bc rh not present)
69
!stuctures of arteries: 3 tunica...
tunica externa: -fibrous connective tissue that anchors & suports blood vessels tunica media: s -mooth muscles that vasoconstrict (bp rises) and vasodiation (bp falls) tunica interna : -endothelium (simple squamose) -basment supports it -atherosclerosis (where plaque formation takes place)
70
!arteries veins & caprillies
art:media is thicker veins: has valves, media thinner
71
measure blood pressure w
sphygmomanometer
72
!location of bundle of his @ chordae tendinae
73
! types of arrythmia & be able to label
watch vids
74
(hemocytometer)
counting chamber used to count cells under a microscope
75
functions of blood
transport, hemostasis, ph regulation, defense, heat/temp
76
basophil stains in
basic dyes
77
eosinophis stains in
acidic dyes
78
neutrophil stains in
both
79
wbc differntial done using
microscope after staining
80
rbc count done using
hemocytometer (device for counting cells?)
81
hematocrit is measured using
centrifuge (sperates components of blood based on density
82
blood typeing perfromed using
antiserm (contains antibodies to test for specific antigens on rbc
83
rh+ has
rh antigens, no antibodies
84
rh- has
no rh antigens, has rh anitbodies
85
what does it mean when it has - or +
+ means you have the Rh antigen. - means you don't have the Rh antigen.

A&P lab (6 decks)

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